Journey of
Alvar Nuñez Cabeza De Vaca
(1542)
Translated by Fanny Bandelier (1905)
On the 27th day of the month of June, 1527, the
Governor Panfilo de Narvaez departed from the port of San Lucar de Barrameda,
with authority and orders from Your Majesty to conquer and govern the provinces
that extend from the river of the Palms to the Cape of the Florida, these
provinces being on the main land. The fleet he took along consisted of[five
vessels, in which went about 600 men. The officials he had with him (since they
must be mentioned) were those here named: Cabeza de Vaca, treasurer and alguacil
mayor; Alonso Enriquez, purser; Alonso de Solis, factor of Your Majesty and
inspector. A friar of the order of Saint Francis, called Fray Juan [Suarez],
went as commissary, with four other monks of the order. We arrived at the Island
of Santo Domingo, where we remained nearly forty-five days, supplying ourselves
with necessary things, especially horses. Here more than 140 men of our army
forsook us, who wished to remain, on account of the proposals and promises made
them by the people of the country. From there we started and arrived at Santiago
(a port in the Island of Cuba) where, in the few days that we remained the
Governor supplied himself again with people, arms and horses. It happened there
that a gentleman called Vasco Porcallo, a resident of la Trinidad (which is on
the same island ), offered to give the Governor certain stores he had at a
distance of 100 leagues from the said harbor of Santiago.
The Governor, with the whole fleet, sailed for that
place, but midways, at a port named Cape Santa Cruz, he thought best to stop and
send a single vessel to load and bring these stores. Therefore he ordered a
certain Captain Pantoja to go thither with his craft and directed me to
accompany him for the sake of control, while he remained with four ships, having
purchased one on the Island of Santo Domingo. Arrived at the port of Trinidad
with these two vessels, Captain Pantoja went with Vasco Porcallo to the town
(which is one league from there) in order to take possession of the supplies. I
remained on board with the pilots, who told us that we should leave as soon as
possible, since the harbor was very unsafe and many vessels had been lost in it.
Now, since what happened to us there was very remarkable, it appeared to me not
unsuitable, for the aims and ends of this, my Narrative, to tell it here.
The next morning the weather looked ominous. It began
to rain, and the sea toughened so that, although I allowed the men to land, when
they saw the weather and that the town was one league away, many came back to
the ship so as not to be[in the wet and cold. At the same time there came a
canoe from the town conveying a letter from a person residing there, begging me
to come, and they would give me the stores and whatever else might be necessary.
But I excused myself, stating that I could not leave the ships.
At noon the canoe came again with another letter,
repeating the request with much insistency, and there was also a horse for me to
go on. I gave the same reply as the first time, saying that I could not leave
the vessels. But the pilots and the people begged me so much to leave and hasten
the transportation of the stores to the ships, in order to be able to sail soon,
from a place where they were in great fear the ships would be lost in case they
had to remain long. So I determined upon going, although before I went I left
the pilots well instructed and with orders in case the south wind (which often
wrecked the shipping) should rise, and they found themselves in great danger, to
run the vessels ashore, when men and horses might be saved. So I left, wishing
for some of them to accompany me, but they refused, alleging the hard rain, the
cold and that the town was far away.
On the next day, which was Sunday, they promised to
come, God helping, to hear mass. One hour after my departure the sea became very
rough and the north wind blew so fiercely that neither did the boats dare to
land, nor could they beach the vessels, since the wind was blowing from the
shore. They spent that day and Sunday greatly distressed by two contrary storms
and much rain, until nightfall. Then the rain and storm increased in violence at
the village, as well as on the sea, and all the houses and the churches fell
down, and we had to go about, seven or eight men locking Arms at a time, to
prevent the wind from carrying us off, and under the trees it was not less
dangerous than among the houses, for as they also were blown down we were in
danger of being killed beneath them. In this tempest and peril we wandered about
all night, without finding any part or place where we might feel safe for half
an hour.
In this plight we heard, all night long and especially
after midnight, a great uproar, the sound of many voices, the tinkling of little
bells, also flutes and tambourines and other instruments, the most of which
noise lasted until morning, when the storm ceased. Never has such a fearful
thing been witnessed in those parts. I took testimony concerning it, and sent
it, certified, to Your Majesty. On Monday morning we went down to the harbor,
but did not find the vessels. We saw the buoys in the water, and from this knew
that the ships were lost. So we followed the shore, looking for wreckage, and
not finding any turned into the forest. Walking through it we saw, a fourth of a
league from water, the little boat of one of the vessels on the top of trees,
and ten leagues further, on the coast, were two men of my crew and certain
covers of boxes. The bodies were so disfigured by striking against the rocks as
to be unrecognizable. There were also found a cape and a tattered, nothing else.
Sixty people and twenty horses perished on the ships. Those who went on land the
day we arrived, some thirty men, were all who survived of the crews of both
vessels.
We remained thus for several days in great need and
distress, for the food and stores at the village had been ruined also, as well
as some cattle. The country was pitiable to look at. The trees had fallen and
the woods were blighted, and there was neither foliage nor grass. In this
condition we were until the 5th day of the month of November, when the Governor,
with his four vessels, arrived. They also had weathered a great storm and had
escaped by betaking themselves to a safe place in time. The people on board of
the ships and those he found were so terrified by what had happened that they
were afraid to set to sea again in winter and begged the Governor to remain
there for that season, and he, seeing their good will and that of the
inhabitants, wintered at that place. He put into my charge the vessels and their
crews, and I was to go with them to the port of Xagua, twelve leagues distant,
where I remained until the 20th day of February.
At that time the Governor came with a brig he had
bought at Trinidad, and with him a pilot called Miruelo. That man he had taken
because he said he knew the way and had been on the river of the Palms and was a
very good pilot for the whole northern coast. The Governor left, on the coast of
Habana, another vessel that he had bought there, on which there remained, as
captain, Alvaro de Cerda, with forty people and twelve horsemen. Two days after
the Governor arrived he went aboard. The people he took along were 400 men and
eighty horses, on four vessels and one brigantine. The pilot we had taken ran
the vessels aground on the sands called "of Canarreo," so that the
next day we were stranded and remained stranded for fifteen days, the keels
often touching bottom. Then a storm from the south drove so much water on the
shoals that we could get off, though not without much danger.
Departing from there and arrived at Guaniguanico,
another tempest came up in which we nearly perished. At Cape Corrientes we had
another, which lasted three days. Afterward we doubled the Cape of Sant Anton
and sailed with contrary winds as far as twelve leagues off Habana, and when, on
the following day, we attempted to enter, a southerly storm drove us away, so
that we crossed to the coast of Florida, sighting land on Tuesday, the 12th day
of the month of April. We coasted the way of Florida, and on Holy Thursday cast
anchor at the mouth of a bay, at the head of which we saw certain houses and
habitations of Indians.
On that same day the clerk, Alonso Enriquez, left and
went to an island in the bay and called the Indians, who came and were with him
a good while, and by way of exchange they gave him fish and some venison. The
day following (which was Good Friday) the Governor disembarked, with as many men
as his little boats would hold, and as we arrived at the huts or houses of the
Indians we had seen, we found them abandoned and deserted, the people having
left that same night in their canoes. One of those houses was so large that it
could hold more than 300 people. The others were smaller, and we found a golden
rattle among the nets. The next day the Governor hoisted flags in behalf of Your
Majesty and took possession of the country in Your Royal name, exhibited his
credentials, and was acknowledged as Governor according to Your Majesty's
commands. We likewise presented our titles to him, and he complied as they
required. He then ordered the remainder of the men to disembark, also the
forty-two horses left (the others having perished on account of the great storms
and the long time they had been on sea), and these few that remained were so
thin and weak that they could be of little use for the time. The next day the
Indians of that village came, and, although they spoke to us, as we had no
interpreters we did not understand them; but they made many gestures and
threats, and it seemed as if they beckoned to us to leave the country.
Afterward, without offering any molestation, they went away.
After another day the Governor resolved to penetrate
inland to explore the country and see what it contained. We went with him&emdash;the
commissary, the inspector and myself, with forty men, among them six horsemen,
who seemed likely to be of but little use. We took the direction of the north,
and at the hour of vespers reached a very large bay, which appeared to sweep far
inland. After remaining there that night and the next day, we returned to the
place where the vessels and the men were. The Governor ordered the brigantine to
coast towards Florida in search of the port which Miruelo, the pilot, had said
he knew, but he had missed it and did not know where we were, nor where the port
was. So word was sent to the brigantine, in case it were not found to cross over
to Habana in quest of the vessel of Alvaro de la Cerda, and, after taking in
some supplies, to come after us again.
After the brigantine left we again penetrated inland,
the same persons as before, with some more men. We followed the shore of the
bay, and, after a march of four leagues, captured four Indians, to whom we
showed maize in order to find out if they knew it, for until then we had seen no
trace of it. They told us that they would take us to a place where there was
maize and they led us to their village, at the end of the bay nearby, and there
they showed us some that was not yet fit to be gathered. There we found many
boxes for merchandise from Castilla. In every one of them was a corpse covered
with painted deer hides. The commissary thought this to be some idolatrous
practice, so he burnt the boxes with the corpses. We also found pieces of linen
and cloth, and feather head dresses that seemed to be from New Spain, and
samples of gold.
We inquired of the Indians (by signs) whence they had
obtained these things and they gave us to understand that, very far from there,
was a province called Apalachen in which there was much gold. They also
signified to us that in that province we would find everything we held in
esteem. They said that in Apalachen there was plenty.
So, taking them as guides, we started, and after
walking ten or twelve leagues, came to another village of fifteen houses, where
there was a large cultivated patch of corn nearly ready for harvest, and also
some that was already ripe. After staying there two days, we returned to the
place where we had left the purser, the men and the vessels, and told the purser
and pilots what we saw and the news the Indians had given us.
The next day, which was the 1st of May, the Governor
took aside the commissary, the purser, the inspector, myself, a sailor called
Bartolomé Fernandez and a notary by the name of Jeronimo de Albaniz, and told
us that he had in mind to penetrate inland, while the vessels should follow the
coast as far as the harbor; since the pilots said and believed that, if they
went in the direction of the Palms they would reach it soon. On this he asked us
to give our opinions.
I replied that it seemed to me in no manner advisable
to forsake the ships until they were in a safe port, held and occupied by us. I
told him to consider that the pilots were at a loss, disagreeing among
themselves, undecided as to what course to pursue. Moreover, the horses would
not be with us in case we needed them, and, furthermore, we had no interpreter
to make ourselves understood by the natives; hence we could have no parley with
them. Neither did we know what to expect from the land we were entering, having
no knowledge of what it was, what it might contain and by what kind of people it
was inhabited, nor in what part of it we were; finally, that we had not the
supplies required for penetrating into an unknown country, for of the stores
left in the ships not more than one pound of biscuit and one of bacon could be
given as rations to each man for the journey, so that, in my opinion, we should
re-embark and sail in quest of a land and harbor better adapted to settlement,
since the country which we had seen was the most deserted and the poorest ever
found in those parts.
The commissary was of the contrary saying, that we
should not embark, but follow the coast in search of a harbor, as the pilots
asserted that the way to Panuco was not more than ten or fifteen leagues distant
and that by following along the coast it was impossible to miss it, since the
coast bent inland for twelve leagues. The first ones who came there should wait
for the others. As to embarking, he said it would be to tempt God, after all the
vicissitudes of storms, losses of men and vessels and hardships we had suffered
since leaving Spain, and until we came to that place. So his advice would be to
move along the coast as far as the harbor, while the vessels with the other men
would follow to the same port.
To all the others this seemed to be the best, except to
the notary, who said that before leaving the ships they should be put into a
harbor well known, safe and in a settled country, after which we might go inland
and do as we liked.
The Governor clung to his own idea and to the
suggestions of the others.
Seeing his determination, I required him, on the part
of Your Majesty, not to forsake the vessels until they were in a secure port,
and I asked the notary present to testify to what I said. The Governor replied
that he approved the opinion of the other officials and of the commissary; that
I had no authority for making such demands, and he asked the notary to give him
a certified statement as to how, there not being in the country the means for
supporting a settlement, nor any harbor for the ships, he broke up the village
he had founded, and went in search of the port and of a better land. So he
forthwith ordered the people who were to go with him to get ready, providing
themselves with what was necessary for the journey. After this he turned to me,
and told me in the presence of all who were there that, since I so much opposed
the expedition into the interior and was afraid of it, I should take charge of
the vessels and men remaining, and, in case I reached the port before him, I
should settle there. This I declined.
After the meeting was over he, on that same evening,
saying that it seemed to him as if he could not trust anybody, sent me word that
he begged me to take charge of that part of the expedition, and as, in spite of
his insistency, I declined, he asked for the reasons of my refusal, I then told
him that I refused to accept, because I felt sure he would never see the ships
again, or be seen by their crews any more; that, seeing how utterly unprepared
he was for moving inland, I preferred to share the risk with him and his people,
and suffer what they would have to suffer, rather than take charge of the
vessels and thus give occasion for saying that I opposed the journey and
remained out of fear, which would place my honor in jeopardy. So that I would
much rather expose of my life than, under these circumstances, my good name.
Seeing that he could not change my determination, he
had others approach me about it with entreaties. But I gave the same answer to
them as to him, and he finally provided for his lieutenant to take command of
the vessels, an alcalde named Caravallo.
On Saturday, the 1st of May, the day on which all this
had happened, he ordered that they should give to each one of those who had to
go with him, two pounds of ship-biscuit and one-half pound of bacon, and thus we
set out upon our journey inland. The number of people we took along was three
hundred, among them the commissary, Father Juan Xuarez, another friar called
Father Juan de Palos and three priests, the officers, and forty horsemen. We
marched for fifteen days, living on the supplies we had taken with us, without
finding anything else to eat but palmettos like those of Andalusia. In all this
time we did not meet a soul, nor did we see a house or village, and finally
reached a river, which we crossed with much trouble, by swimming and on rafts.
It took us a day to ford the river on account of the swiftness of its current.
When we got across, there came towards us some two hundred Indians, more or
less; the Governor went to meet them, and after he talked to them by signs they
acted in such a manner that we were obliged to set upon them and seize five or
six, who took us to their houses, about half a league from there, where we found
a large quantity of corn ready for harvest. We gave infinite thanks to our Lord
for having helped us in such great need, for, as we were not used to such
exposures, we felt greatly exhausted, and were much weakened by hunger.
On the third day that we were at this place the purser,
the inspector, the commissary and myself jointly begged the Governor to send out
in search of a harbor, as the Indians told us the sea was not very far away. He
forbade us to speak of it, saying it was at a great distance, and I being the
one who most insisted, he bade me to go on a journey of discovery and search of
a port, and said I should go on foot with forty people. So the next day I
started with the Captain Alonso del Castillo and forty men of his company. At
noon we reached sandy patches that seemed to extend far inland. For about one
and a half leagues we walked, with the water up to the knee, and stepping on
shells that cut our feet badly. All this gave us much trouble, until we reached
the river which we had crossed first, and which emptied through the same inlet,
and then, as we were too ill-provided for crossing it, we turned back to camp
and told the Governor what we had found and how it was necessary to ford the
river again at our first crossing in order to explore the inlet thoroughly and
find out if there was a harbor.
The next day he sent a captain called Valenzuela with
sixty footmen and six horsemen to cross the river and follow its course to the
sea in search of a port. After two days he came back, reporting that he had
discovered the inlet, which was a shallow bay, with water to the knees, but it
had there no harbor. He saw five or six canoes crossing from one side to the
other, with Indians who wore many feather bushes.
Hearing this, we left the next day, always in quest of
the province called Apalachen by the Indians, taking as guides those whom we had
captured, and marched until the 17th of June without finding an Indian who would
dare to wait for us. Finally there came to us a chief, whom an Indian carried on
his shoulders. He wore a painted deerskin, and many people followed him, and he
was preceded by many players on flutes made of reeds. He came the place where
the Governor was and stayed an hour. We gave him to understand by signs that our
aim was to reach Apalachen, but from his gestures it seemed to us that he was an
enemy of the Apalachen people and that he would go and help us against them. We
gave him beads and little bells and other trinkets, while he presented the
Governor with the hide he wore. Then he turned back and we followed him.
That night we reached a broad and deep river, the
current of which was very strong and as we did not dare to cross it, we built a
canoe out of rafts and were a whole day in getting across. If the Indians had
wished to oppose us, they could have easily impeded our passage, for even with
their help we had much trouble. One horseman, whose name was Juan Velazquez, a
native of Cuellar, not willing to wait, rode into the stream, and the strong
current swept him from the horse and he took hold of the reins, and was drowned
with the animal. The Indians of that chief (whose name was Dulchanchellin)
discovered the horse and told us that we would find him lower down the stream.
So they went after the man, and his death caused us much grief, since until then
we had not lost anybody. The horse made a supper for many on that night. Beyond
there, and on the following day, we reached the chief's village, whither he sent
us corn.
That same night, as they went for water, an arrow was
shot at one of the Christians, but God willed that he was not hurt. The day
after we left this place, without any of the natives having appeared, because
all had fled, but further on some Indians were seen who showed signs of
hostility, and although we called them they would neither come back nor wait,
but withdrew and followed in our rear. The Governor placed a few horsemen in
ambush near the trail, who as they (the Indians) passed, surprised them and took
three or four Indians, whom we kept as guides thereafter. These led us into a
country difficult to traverse and strange to look at, for it had very great
forests, the trees being wonderfully tall and so many of them fallen that they
obstructed our way so that we had to make long detours and with great trouble.
Of the trees standing many were rent from top to bottom by thunderbolts, which
strike very often in that country, where storms and tempests are always
frequent.
With such efforts we travelled until the day after St.
John's Day, when we came in sight of Apalachen, without having been noticed by
the Indians of the land. We gave many thanks to God for being so near it,
believing what we had been told about the country to be true, and that now our
sufferings would come to an end after the long and weary march over bad trails.
We had also suffered greatly from hunger, for, although we found corn
occasionally, most of the time we marched seven or eight leagues without any.
And many there were among us who besides suffering great fatigue and hunger, had
their backs covered with wounds from the weight of the armor and other things
they had to carry as occasion required. But to find ourselves at last where we
wished to be and where we had been assured so much food and gold would be had,
made us forget a great deal of our hardships and weariness.
Once in sight of Apalachen, the Governor commanded me
to enter the village with nine horsemen and fifty foot. So the inspector and I
undertook this. Upon penetrating into the village we found only women and boys.
The men were not there at the time, but soon, while we were walking about, they
came and began to fight, shooting arrows at us. They killed the inspector's
horse, but finally fled and left us. We found there plenty of ripe maize ready
to be gathered and much dry corn already housed. We also found many deer skins
and among them mantles made of thread and of poor quality, with which the women
cover parts of their bodies. They had many vessels for grinding maize. The
village contained forty small and low houses, reared in sheltered places, out of
fear of the great storms that continuously occur in the country. The buildings
are of straw, and they are surrounded by dense timber, tall trees and numerous
water-pools, where there were so many fallen trees and of such size as to
greatly obstruct and impede circulation.
The country between our landing place and the village
and country of Apalachen is mostly level; the soil is sand and earth. All
throughout it there are very large trees and open forests containing nut trees,
laurels and others of the kind called resinous, cedar, juniper, wateroak, pines,
oak and low palmetto, like those of Castilla. Everywhere there are many lagoons,
large and small, some very difficult to cross, partly because they are so deep,
partly because they are covered with fallen trees. Their bottom is sandy, and in
the province of Apalachen the lagoons are much larger than those we found
previously. There is much maize in this province and the houses are scattered
all over the country as much as those of the Gelves. The animals we saw there
were three kinds of deer, rabbits and hares, bears and lions and other wild
beasts, among them one that carries its young in a pouch on its belly as long as
the young are small, until they are able to look for their sustenance, and even
then, when they are out after food and people come, the mother does not move
until her little ones are in the pouch again. The country is very cold; it has
good pasture for cattle; there are birds of many kinds in large numbers: geese,
ducks, wild ducks, muscovy ducks, Ibis, small white herons (Egrets), herons and
partridges. We saw many falcons, marsh-hawks, sparrow-hawks, pigeon-hawks and
many other birds. Two hours after we arrived at Apalachen the Indians that had
fled came back peaceably, begging us to give back to them their women and
children, which we did. The Governor, however, kept with him one of their
caciques, at which they became so angry as to attack us the following day. They
did it so swiftly and with so much audacity as to set fire to the lodges we
occupied, but when we sallied forth they fled to the lagoons nearby, on account
of which and of the big corn patches, we could not do them any harm beyond
killing one Indian. The day after, Indians from a village on the other side came
and attacked us in the same manner, escaping in the same way, with the loss of a
single man.
We remained at this village for twenty-five days,
making three excursions during the time. We found the country very thinly
inhabited and difficult to march through, owing to bad places, timber and
lagoons. We inquired of the cacique whom we had retained and of the other
Indians with us (who were neighbors and enemies of them) about the condition and
settlements of the land, the quality of its people, about supplies and
everything else. They answered, each one for himself, that Apalachen was the
largest town of all; that further in less people were met with, who were very
much poorer than those here, and that the country was thinly settled, the
inhabitants greatly scattered, and also that further inland big lakes, dense
forests, great deserts and wastes were met with.
Then we asked about the land to the south, its villages
and resources. They said that in that direction and nine days' march towards the
sea was a village called Aute, where the Indians had plenty of corn and also
beans and melons, and that, being so near the sea, they obtained fish, and that
those were their friends. Seeing how poor the country was, taking into account
the unfavorable reports about its population and everything else, and that the
Indians made constant war upon us, wounding men and horses whenever they went
for water (which they could do from the lagoons where we could not reach them)
by shooting arrows at us; that they had killed a chief of Tezcuco called Don
Pedro, whom the commissary had taken along with him, we agreed to depart and go
in search of the sea, and of the village of Aute, which they had mentioned. And
so we left, arriving there five days after. The first day we travelled across
lagoons and trails without seeing a single Indian.
On the second day, however, we reached a lake very
difficult to cross, the water reaching to the chest, and there were a great many
fallen trees. Once in the middle of it, a number of Indians assailed us from
behind trees that concealed them from our sight, while others were on fallen
trees, and they began to shower arrows upon us, so that many men and horses were
wounded, and before we could get out of the lagoon our guide was captured by
them. After we had got out, they pressed us very hard, intending to cut us off,
and it was useless to turn upon them, for they would hide in the lake and from
there wound both men and horses.
So the Governor ordered the horsemen to dismount and
attack them on foot. The pursuer dismounted also, and our people attacked them.
Again they fled to a lagoon, and we succeeded in holding the trail. In this
fight some of our people were wounded, in spite of their good armor. There were
men that day who swore they had seen two oak trees, each as thick as the calf of
a leg, shot through and through by arrows, which is not surprising if we
consider the force and dexterity with which they shoot. I myself saw an arrow
that had penetrated the base of a poplar tree for half a foot in length. All the
many Indians from Florida we saw were archers, and, being very tall and naked,
at a distance they appear giants.
Those people are wonderfully built, very gaunt and of
great strength and agility. Their bows are as thick as an arm, from eleven to
twelve spans long, shooting an arrow at 200 paces with unerring aim. From that
crossing we went to another similar one, a league away, but while it was half a
league in length it was also much more difficult. There we crossed without
opposition, for the Indians, having spent all their arrows at the first place,
had nothing wherewith they would dare attack us. The next day, while crossing a
similar place, I saw the tracks of people who went ahead of us, and I notified
the Governor, who was in the rear, so that, although the Indians turned upon us,
as we were on our guard, they could do us no harm. Once on open ground they
pursued us still. We attacked them twice, killing two, while they wounded me and
two or three other Christians, and entered the forest again, where we could no
longer injure them.
In this manner we marched for eight days, without
meeting any more natives, until one league from the site to which I said we were
going. There, as we were marching along, Indians crept up unseen and fell upon
our rear. A boy belonging to a nobleman, called Avellaneda, who was in the rear
guard, gave the alarm. Avellaneda turned back to assist, and the Indians hit him
with an arrow on the edge of the cuirass, piercing his neck nearly through and
through, so that he died on the spot, and we carried him to Aute. It took us
nine days from Apalachen to the place where we stopped. And then we found that
all the people had left and the lodges were burnt. But there was plenty of
maize, squash and beans, all nearly ripe and ready for harvest. We rested there
for two days.
After this the Governor entreated me to go in search of
the sea, as the Indians said it was so near by, and we had, on this march,
already suspected its proximity from a great river to which we had given the
name of the Rio de la Magdalena. I left on the following day in search of it,
accompanied by the commissary, the captain Castillo, Andres Dorantes, seven
horsemen and fifty foot. We marched until sunset, reaching an inlet or arm of
the sea, where we found plenty of oysters on which the people feasted, and we
gave many thanks to God for bringing us there.
The next day I sent twenty men to reconnoiter the coast
and explore it, who returned on the day following at nightfall, saying that
these inlets and bays were very large and went so far inland as greatly to
impede our investigations, and that the coast was still at a great distance.
Hearing this and considering how ill-prepared we were for the task, I returned
to where the Governor was. We found him sick, together with many others. The
night before, Indians had made an attack, putting them in great stress, owing to
their enfeebled condition. The Indians had also killed one of their horses. I
reported upon my journey and on the bad condition of the country. That day we
remained there.
On the next day we left Aute and marched (all day) to
the spot I had visited on my last exploration. Our march was extremely
difficult, for neither had we horses enough to carry the sick, nor did we know
how to relieve them. They became worse every day, and our sufferings were
afflicting. There it became manifest how few resources we had for going further,
and even in case we had been provided we did not know where to go; our men were
mostly sick and too much out of condition to be of any use whatever. I refrain
from making a long story of it. Any one can imagine what might be experienced in
a land so strange and so utterly without resources of any kind, either for stay
or for an escape. Nevertheless, since the surest aid was God, Our Lord, and
since we never doubted of it, something happened that put us in a worse plight
yet.
Most of the horsemen began to leave in secret, hoping
thus to save themselves, forsaking the Governor and the sick, who were helpless.
Still, as among them were many of good families and of rank, they would not
suffer this to happen unbeknown to the Governor and Your Majesty's officials, so
that, when we remonstrated, showing at what an unseasonable time they were
leaving their captain and the sick and, above all, forsaking Your Majesty's
service, they concluded to stay, and share the fate of all, without abandoning
one another. The Governor thereupon called them to his presence all together,
and each one in particular, asking their opinion about this dismal country, so
as to be able to get out of it and seek relief, for in that land there was none.
One-third of our people were dangerously ill, getting
worse hourly, and we felt sure of meeting the same fate, with death as our only
prospect, which in such a country was much worse yet. And considering these and
many other inconveniences and that we had tried many expedients, we finally
resorted to a very difficult one, which was to build some craft in which to
leave the land. It seemed impossible, as none of us knew how to construct ships.
We had no tools, no iron, no smithery, no oakum, no pitch, no tackling; finally,
nothing of what was indispensable. Neither was there anybody to instruct us in
shipbuilding, and, above all, there was nothing to eat, while the work was going
on, for those who would have to perform the task. Considering all this, we
agreed to think it over. Our parley ceased for that day, and everyone went off,
leaving it to God, Our Lord, to put him on the right road according to His
pleasure.
The next day God provided that one of the men should
come, saying that he would make wooden flues, and bellows of deerskin, and as we
were in such a state that anything appearing like relief seemed acceptable, we
told him to go to work, and agreed to make of our stirrups, spurs, cross-bows
and other iron implements the nails, saws and hatchets and other tools we so
greatly needed for our purpose.
In order to obtain food while the work proposed was in
progress we determined upon four successive raids into Aute, with all the horses
and men that were fit for service, and that on every third day a horse should be
killed and the meat distributed among those who worked at the barges and among
the sick. The raids were executed with such people and horses as were able, and
they brought as many as four hundred fanegas of maize, although not without
armed opposition from the Indians. We gathered plenty of palmettos, using their
fibre and husk, twisting and preparing it in place of oakum for the barges. The
work on these was done by the only carpenter we had, and progressed so rapidly
that, beginning on the fourth day of August, on the twentieth day of the month
of September, five barges of twenty-two elbow lengths each were ready, caulked
with palmetto oakum and tarred with pitch, which a Greek called Don Teodoro made
from certain pines. Of the husk of palmettos, and of the tails and manes of the
horses we made ropes and tackles, of our shirts sails, and of the junipers that
grew there we made the oars, which we thought were necessary, and such was the
stress in which our sins had placed us that only with very great trouble could
we find stones for ballast and anchors of the barges, for we had not seen a
stone in the whole country. We flayed the legs of the horses and tanned the skin
to make leather pouches for carrying water.
During that time some of the party went to the coves
and inlets for sea-food, and the Indians surprised them twice, killing ten of
our men in plain view of the camp, without our being able to prevent it. We
found them shot through and through with arrows, for, although several wore good
armor, it was not sufficient to protect them, since, as I said before, they shot
their arrows with such force and precision. According to the sworn statements of
our pilots, we had travelled from the bay, to which we gave the name of the
Cross, to this place, two hundred and eighty leagues, more or less.
In all these parts we saw no mountains nor heard of
any, and before embarking we had lost over forty men through sickness and
hunger, besides those killed by Indians. On the twenty-second day of the month
of September we had eaten up all the horses but one. We embarked in the
following order: In the barge of the Governor there were forty-nine men, and as
many in the one entrusted to the purser and the commissary. The third barge he
placed in charge of Captain Alonso del Castillo and of Andres Dorantes, with
forty-eight men; in another he placed two captains, named Tellez and Penalosa,
with forty-seven men. The last one he gave to the inspector and to me, with
forty-nine men, and, after clothing and supplies were put on board, the sides of
the barges only rose half a foot above the water. Besides, we were so crowded as
to be unable to stir. So great is the power of need that it brought us to
venture out into such a troublesome sea in this manner, and without any one
among us having the least knowledge of the art of navigation.
That bay from which we started is called the Bay of the
Horses. We sailed seven days among those inlets, in the water waist deep,
without signs of anything like the coast. At the end of this time we reached an
island near the shore. My barge went ahead, and from it we saw five Indian
canoes coming. The Indians abandoned them and left them in our hands, when they
saw that we approached. The other barges went on and saw some lodges on the same
island, where we found plenty of ruffs and their eggs, dried, and that was a
very great relief in our needy condition. Having taken them, we went further,
and two leagues beyond found a strait between the island and the coast, which
strait we christened Sant Miguel, it being the day of that saint. Issuing from
it we reached the coast, where by means of the five canoes I had taken from the
Indians we mended somewhat the barges, making washboards and adding to them and
raising the sides two hands above water.
Then we set out to sea again, coasting towards the
River of Palms. Every day our thirst and hunger increased because our supplies
were giving out, as well as the water supply, for the pouches we had made from
the legs of our horses soon became rotten and useless. From time to time we
would enter some inlet or cove that reached very far inland, but we found them
all shallow and dangerous, and so we navigated through them for thirty days,
meeting sometimes Indians who fished and were poor and wretched people.
At the end of these thirty days, and when we were in
extreme need of water and hugging the coast, we heard one night a canoe
approaching. When we saw it we stopped and waited, but it would not come to us,
and, although we called out, it would neither turn back nor wait. It being
night, we did not follow the canoe, but proceeded. At dawn we saw a small
island, where we touched to search for water, but in vain, as there was none.
While at anchor a great storm overtook us. We remained there six days without
venturing to leave, and it being five days since we had drank anything our
thirst was so great as to compel us to drink salt water, and several of us took
such an excess of it that we lost suddenly five men.
I tell this briefly, not thinking it necessary to
relate in particular all the distress and hardships we bore. Moreover, if one
takes into account the place we were in and the slight chances of relief he may
imagine what we suffered. Seeing that our thirst was increasing and the water
was killing us, while the storm did not abate, we agreed to trust to God, Our
Lord, and rather risk the perils of the sea than wait there for certain death
from thirst. So we left in the direction we had seen the canoe going on the
night we came here. During this day we found ourselves often on the verge of
drowning and so forlorn that there was none in our company who did not expect to
die at any moment.
It was Our Lord's pleasure, who many a time shows His
favor in the hour of greatest distress, that at sunset we turned a point of land
and found there shelter and much improvement. Many canoes came and the Indians
in them spoke to us, but turned back without waiting. They were tall and well
built, and carried neither bows nor arrows. We followed them to their lodges,
which were nearly along the inlet, and landed, and in front of the lodges we saw
many jars with water, and great quantities of cooked fish. The Chief of that
land offered all to the Governor and led him to his abode. The dwellings were of
matting and seemed to be permanent. When we entered the home of the chief he
gave us plenty of fish, while we gave him of our maize, which they ate in our
presence, asking for more. So we gave more to them, and the Governor presented
him with some trinkets. While with the cacique at his lodge, half an hour after
sunset, the Indians suddenly fell upon us and upon our sick people on the beach.
They also attacked the house of the cacique, where the
Governor was, wounding him in the face with a stone. Those who were with him
seized the cacique, but as his people were so near he escaped, leaving in our
hands a robe of marten-ermine skin, which, I believe, are the finest in the
world and give out an odor like amber and musk. A single one can be smelt so far
off that it seems as if there were a great many. We saw more of that kind, but
none like these.
Those of us who were there, seeing the Governor hurt,
placed him aboard the barge and provided that most of the men should follow him
to the boats. Some fifty of us remained on land to face the Indians, who
attacked thrice that night, and so furiously as to drive us back every time
further than a stone's throw.
Not one of us escaped unhurt. I was wounded in the
face, and if they had had more arrows ( for only a few were found) without any
doubt they would have done us great harm. At the last onset the Captains
Dorantes, Penalosa and Tellez, with fifteen men, placed themselves in ambush and
attacked them from the rear, causing them to flee and leave us. The next morning
I destroyed more than thirty of their canoes, which served to protect us against
a northern wind then blowing, on account of which we had to stay there, in the
severe cold, not venturing out to sea on account of the heavy storm. After this
we again embarked and navigated for three days, having taken along but a small
supply of water, the vessels we had for it being few. So we found ourselves in
the same plight as before.
Continuing onward, we entered a firth and there saw a
canoe with Indians approaching. As we hailed them they came, and the Governor,
whose barge they neared first, asked them for water. They offered to get some,
provided we gave them something in which to carry it, and a Christian Greek,
called Doroteo Teodoro (who has already been mentioned), said he would go with
them. The Governor and others vainly tried to dissuade him, but he insisted upon
going and went, taking along a negro, while the Indians left two of their number
as hostages. At night the Indians returned and brought back our vessels, but
without water; neither did the Christians return with them. Those that had
remained as hostages, when their people spoke to them, attempted to throw
themselves into the water. But our men in the barge held them back, and so the
other Indians forsook their canoe, leaving us very despondent and sad for the
loss of those two Christians.
In the morning many canoes of Indians came, demanding
their two companions, who had remained in the barge as hostages. The Governor
answered that he would give them up, provided they returned the two Christians.
With those people there came five or six chiefs, who seemed to us to be of
better appearance, greater authority and manner of composure than any we had yet
seen, although not as tall as those of whom we have before spoken. They wore the
hair loose and very long, and were clothed in robes of marten, of the kind we
had obtained previously, some of them done up in a very strange fashion, because
they showed patterns of fawn-colored furs that looked very well.
They entreated us to go with them, and said that they
would give us the Christians, water and many other things, and more canoes kept
coming towards us, trying to block the mouth of that inlet, and for this reason,
as well as because the land appeared very dangerous to remain in, we took again
to sea, where we stayed with them till noon. And as they would not return the
Christians, and for that reason neither would we give up the Indians, they began
to throw stones at us with slings, and darts, threatening to shoot arrows,
although we did not see more than three or four bows.
While thus engaged the wind freshened and they turned
about and left us. We navigated that day until nightfall, when my bark, which
was the foremost, discovered a promontory made by the coast. At the other end
was a very large river, and at a small island on the point I anchored to wait
for the other barges.
The Governor did not want to touch, but entered a bay
close by, where there were many small islands. There we got together and took
fresh water out of the sea, because the river emptied into it like a torrent.
For two days we had eaten the corn raw, and now, in
order to toast it, we went ashore on that island, but not finding any firewood,
agreed to go to the river, which was one league from there behind the point.
However, the current was so strong that it in no way allowed us to land, but
rather carried us away from the shore against all our efforts. The north wind
that blew off shore freshened so much that it drove us back to the high sea,
without our being able to do anything against it, and at about one-half league
from shore we sounded and found no bottom even at thirty fathoms. Without being
able to understand it, it was the current that disturbed our soundings. We
navigated two days yet, trying hard to reach the shore. On the third day, a
little before sunrise, we saw many columns of smoke rising on the coast. Working
towards these, we found ourselves in three fathoms of water, but it being night
did not dare to land because, as we had seen so much smoke, we believed that
greater danger might be in wait for us there. We were unable to see, owing to
the darkness, what we should do. So we determined to wait until morning.
When it dawned the barges had been driven apart from
each other. I found myself in thirty fathoms and, drifting along at the hour of
vespers, I descried two barges, and as I approached saw that the first one was
that of the Governor, who asked me what I thought we should do. I told him that
we ought to rejoin the other barge, which was ahead of us, and in no manner
forsake her, and the three together should continue our way whither God might
take us. He replied it was impossible, since the barge was drifting far away
into the sea, whereas he wanted to land, but that if I wished to follow I should
put the people of my barge at the oars and work hard, as only by the strength of
our arms the land could be reached. In this he had been advised by a captain he
had along, whose name was Pantoja, who told him that if he did not land that day
he would not in six days more, during which time we would of necessity starve.
Seeing his determination, I took to my own oar and the
other oarsmen in my craft did the same, and thus we rowed until nearly sunset.
But as the Governor had with him the healthiest and strongest men, in no way
could we follow or keep up with him. Seeing this, I asked him to give me a rope
from his barge to be able to follow, but he answered that it was no small effort
on their part alone to reach the shore on that night. I told him that since it
was barely possible for us to follow and do what he had ordained, he should tell
me what he commanded me to do. He answered that this was no time for orders;
that each one should do the best he could to save himself; that he intended to
do it that way, and with this he went on with his craft.
As I could not follow him, I went after the other
barge, which was out at sea and waited for me, and reaching it I found it was
the one of the Captains Penalosa and Tellez. We travelled together for four
days, our daily ration being half a handful of raw maize. At the end of these
four days a storm overtook us, in which the other barge was lost. God's great
mercy preserved us from being drowned in that weather.
It being winter and the cold very great, and as we had
been suffering so many days from hunger and from the injuries we received from
the waves, that the next day people began to break down, so that when the sun
set all those aboard of my barge had fallen in a heap and were so near dying
that few remained conscious, and not five men kept on their feet.
When night came the skipper and I were the only ones
able to manage the barge. Two hours after nightfall the skipper told me to steer
the craft alone, since he felt that he would die that same night. Thereupon I
stood at the helm, and after midnight went to see if the skipper was dead, but
he said that, on the contrary, he felt better and would steer till daybreak. On
that occasion I would have hailed death with delight rather than to see so many
people around me in such a condition. After the skipper had taken the barge
under his control I went to rest, very much without resting, for I thought of
anything else but sleep.
Near daybreak I fancied to hear the sound of breakers,
for as the coast was low, their noise was greater. Surprised at it, I called to
the skipper, who said he thought we were near the shore. Sounding, we found
seven fathoms, and he was of the opinion that we should keep off shore till
dawn. So I took the oar and rowed along the coast, from which we were one league
away, and turned the stern to seaward.
Close to shore a wave took us and hurled the barge a
horse's length out of water. With the violent shock nearly all the people who
lay in the boat like dead came to themselves, and, seeing we were close to land,
began to crawl out on all fours. As they took to some rocks, we built a fire and
toasted some of our maize. We found rain water, and with the warmth of the fire
people revived and began to cheer up. The day we arrived there was the sixth of
the month of November.
After the people had eaten I sent Lope de Oviedo, who
was the strongest and heartiest of all, to go to some trees nearby and climb to
the top of one, examine the surroundings and the country in which we were. He
did so and found we were on an island, and that the ground was hollowed out, as
if cattle had gone over it, from which it seemed to him that the land belonged
to Christians, and so he told us. I sent him again to look and examine more
closely if there were any worn trails, and not to go too far so as not to run
into danger. He went, found a footpath, followed it for about one-half league,
and saw several Indian huts which stood empty because the Indians had gone out
into the field.
He took away a cooking pot, a little dag and a few
ruffs and turned back, but as he seemed to delay I sent two other Christians to
look for him and find out what had happened.
They met him nearby and saw that three Indians, with
bows and arrows, were following and calling to him, while he did the same to
them by signs. So he came to where we were, the Indians remaining behind, seated
on the beach. Half an hour after a hundred Indian archers joined them, and our
fright was such that, whether tall or little, it made them appear giants to us.
They stood still close to the first ones, near where we were.
We could not defend ourselves, as there were scarcely
three of us who could stand on their feet. The inspector and I stepped forward
and called them. They came, and we tried to quiet them the best we could and
save ourselves, giving them beads and bells. Each one of them gave me an arrow
in token of friendship, and by signs they gave us to understand that on the
following morning they would come back with food, as then they had none.
The next day, at sunrise, which was the hour the
Indians had given us to understand, they came as promised and brought us plenty
of fish and some roots which they eat that taste like nuts, some bigger, some
smaller, most of which are taken out of the water with much trouble.
In the evening they returned and brought us more fish
and some of the same roots, and they brought their women and children to look at
us. They thought themselves very rich with the little bells and beads we gave
them, and thereafter visited us daily with the same things as before. As we saw
ourselves provided with fish, roots, water and the other things we had asked
for, we concluded to embark again and continue our voyage.
We lifted the barge out of the sand into which it had
sunk ( for which purpose we all had to take off our clothes) and had great work
to set her afloat, as our condition was such that much lighter things would have
given us trouble.
Then we embarked. Two crossbow shots from shore a wave
swept over us, we all got wet, and being naked and the cold very great, the oars
dropped out of our hands. The next wave overturned the barge. The inspector and
two others clung to her to save themselves, but the contrary happened; they got
underneath the barge and were drowned.
The shore being very rough, the sea took the others and
thrust them, half dead, on the beach of the same island again, less the three
that had perished underneath the barge.
The rest of us, as naked as we had been born, had lost
everything, and while it was not worth much, to us it meant a great deal. It was
in November, bitterly cold, and we in such a state that every bone could easily
be counted, and we looked like death itself. Of myself I can say that since the
month of May I had not tasted anything but toasted maize, and even sometimes had
been obliged to eat it raw. Although the horses were killed during the time the
barges were built, I never could eat of them, and not ten times did I taste
fish. This I say in order to explain and that any one might guess how we were
off. On top of all this, a north wind arose, so that we were nearer death than
life. It pleased Our Lord that, searching for the remnants of our former fire,
we found wood with which we built big fires and then with many tears begged Our
Lord for mercy and forgiveness of our sins. Every one of us pitied not only
himself, but all the others whom he saw in the same condition.
At sunset the Indians, thinking we had not left, came
to bring us food, but when they saw us in such a different attire from before
and so strange-looking, they were so frightened as to turn back. I went to call
them, and in great fear they came. I then gave them to understand by signs how
we had lost a barge and three of our men had been drowned, while before them
there lay two of our men dead, with the others about to go the same way.
Upon seeing the disaster we had suffered, our misery
and distress, the Indians sat down with us and all began to weep out of
compassion for our misfortune, and for more than half an hour they wept so loud
and so sincerely that it could be heard far away.
Verily, to see beings so devoid of reason, untutored,
so like unto brutes, yet so deeply moved by pity for us, it increased my
feelings and those of others in my company for our own misfortune. When the
lament was over, I spoke to the Christians and asked them if they would like me
to beg the Indians to take us to their homes. Some of the men, who had been to
New Spain, answered that it would be unwise, as, once at their abode, they might
sacrifice us to their idols.
Still, seeing there was no remedy and that in any other
way death was surer and nearer, I did not mind what they said, but begged the
Indians to take us to their dwellings, at which they showed great pleasure,
telling us to tarry yet a little, but that they would do what we wished. Soon
thirty of them loaded themselves with firewood and went to their lodges, which
were far away, while we stayed with the others until it was almost dark. Then
they took hold of us and carried us along hurriedly to where they lived.
Against the cold, and lest on the way some one of us
might faint or die, they had provided four or five big fires on the road, at
each one of which they warmed us. As soon as they saw we had regained a little
warmth and strength they would carry us to the next fire with such haste that
our feet barely touched the ground.
So we got to their dwellings, where we saw they had
built a hut for us with many fires in it. About one hour after our arrival began
to dance and to make a great celebration (which lasted the whole night),
although there was neither pleasure, feast nor sleep in it for us, since we
expected to be sacrificed. In the morning they again gave us fish and roots, and
treated us so well that we became reassured, losing somewhat our apprehension of
being butchered.
That same day I saw on one of the Indians a trinket he
had not gotten from us, and asking from where they had obtained it they
answered, by signs, that other men like ourselves and who were still in our
rear, had given it to them. Hearing this, I sent two Christians with two Indians
to guide them to those people. Very near by they met them, and they also were
looking for us, as the Indians had told them of our presence in the
neighborhood. These were the Captains Andres Dorantes and Alonso del Castillo,
with all of their crew. When they came near us they were much frightened at our
appearance and grieved at being unable to give us anything, since they had
nothing but their clothes. And they stayed with us there, telling how, on the
fifth of that same month, their barge stranded a league and a half from there,
and they escaped without anything being lost.
All together, we agreed upon repairing their barge, and
that those who had strength and inclination should proceed in it, while the
others should remain until completely restored and then go as best they could
along the coast, following it till God would be pleased to get us all together
to a land of Christians.
So we set to work, but ere the barge was afloat Tavera,
a gentleman in our company, died, while the barge proved not to be seaworthy and
soon sank. Now, being in the condition which I have stated &emdash; that is,
most of us naked and the weather so unfavorable for walking and for swimming
across rivers and coves, and we had neither food nor any way to carry it, we
determined upon submitting to necessity and upon wintering there, and we also
agreed that four men, who were the most able-bodied, should go to Panuco, which
we believed to be nearby, and that, if it was God, Our Lord's will to take them
there, they should tell of our remaining on the island and of our distress. One
of them was a Portuguese, called Alvaro Fernandez, a carpenter and sailor; the
second was Mendez; the third, Figueroa, a native of Toledo; the fourth,
Astudillo, from Zafra. They were all good swimmers and took with them an Indian
from the island.
A few days after these four Christians had left, the
weather became so cold and tempestuous that the Indians could no longer pull
roots, and the canebrake in which they used to fish yielded nothing more. As the
lodges afforded so little shelter, people began to die, and five Christians,
quartered on the coast, were driven to such an extremity that they ate each
other up until but one remained, who being left alone, there was nobody to eat
him. Their names are: Sierra, Diego, Lopez, Corral, Palacios and Gonzalo Ruiz.
At this the Indians were so startled, and there was such an uproar among them,
that I verily believe if they had seen this at the beginning they would have
killed them, and we all would have been in great danger. After a very short
time, out of eighty men who had come there in our two parties only fifteen
remained alive.
Then the natives fell sick from the stomach, so that
one-half of them died also, and they, believing we had killed them, and holding
it to be certain, they agreed among themselves to kill those of us who survived.
But when they came to execute it an Indian who kept me
told them not to believe we were the cause of their dying, for if we had so much
power we would not have suffered so many of our own people to perish without
being able to remedy it ourselves. He also told them there remained but very few
of us, and none of them did any harm or injury, so that the best was to let us
alone. It pleased Our Lord they should listen to his advice and counsel and give
up their idea.
To this island we gave the name of the Island of
Ill-Fate. The people on it are tall and well formed; they have no other weapons
than bows and arrows with which they are most dexterous. The men have one of
their nipples perforated from side to side and sometimes both; through this hole
is thrust a reed as long as two and a half hands and as thick as two fingers;
they also have the under lip perforated and a piece of cane in it as thin as the
half of a finger. The women do the hard work. People stay on this island from
October till the end of February, feeding on the roots I have mentioned, taken
from under the water in November and December. They have channels made of reeds
and get fish only during that time; afterwards they subsist on roots. At the end
of February they remove to other parts in search of food, because the roots
begin to sprout and are not good any more.
Of all the people in the world, they are those who most
love their children and treat them best, and should the child of one of them
happen to die, parents and relatives bewail it, and the whole settlement, the
lament lasting a full year, day after day. Before sunrise the parents begin to
weep, after them the tribe, and the same they do at noon and at dawn. At the end
of the year of mourning they celebrate the anniversary and wash and cleanse
themselves of all their paint. They mourn all their dead in this manner, old
people excepted, to whom they do not pay any attention, saying that these have
had their time and are no longer of any use, but only take space, and food from
the children.
Their custom as to bury the dead, except those who are
medicine men among them, whom they burn, and while the fire is burning, all
dance and make a big festival, grinding the bones to powder. At the end of the
year, when they celebrate the anniversary, they scarify themselves and give to
the relatives the pulverized bones to drink in water. Every man has a recognized
wife, but the medicine men enjoy greater privileges, since they may have two or
three, and among these wives there is great friendship and harmony.
When one takes a woman for his wife, from the day he
marries her, whatever he may hunt or fish, she has to fetch it to the home of
her father, without daring to touch or eat of it, and from the home of the
father-in-law they bring the food to the husband. All the while neither the
wife's father nor her mother enter his abode, nor is he allowed to go to theirs,
or to the homes of his brothers-in-law, and should they happen to meet they go
out of each other's way a crossbow's shot or so, with bowed heads and eyes cast
to the ground, holding it to be an evil thing to look at each other or speak.
The women are free to communicate with their parents-in-law or relatives and
speak to them. This custom prevails from that island as far as about fifty
leagues inland.
There is another custom, that when a son or brother
dies no food is gathered by those of his household for three months, preferring
rather to starve, but the relatives and neighbors provide them with victuals.
Now, as during the time we were there so many of them died, there was great
starvation in most of the lodges, due to their customs and ceremonials, as well
as to the weather, which was so rough that such as could go out after food
brought in but very little, withal working hard for it. Therefore the Indians by
whom I was kept forsook the island and in several canoes went over to the
mainland to some bays where there were a great many oysters and during three
months of the year they do not eat anything else and drink very bad water. There
is lack of firewood, but great abundance of mosquitoes. Their lodges are made of
matting and built on oyster shells, upon which they sleep in hides, which they
only get by chance. There we remained to the end of April, when we went to the
seashore, where we ate blackberries for a whole month, during which time they
danced and celebrated incessantly.
On the island I have spoken of they wanted to make
medicine men of us without any examination or asking for our diplomas, because
they cure diseases by breathing on the sick, and with that breath and their
hands they drive the ailment away. So they summoned us to do the same in order
to be at least of some use. We laughed, taking it for a jest, and said that we
did not understand how to cure.
Thereupon they withheld our food to compel us to do
what they wanted. Seeing our obstinacy, an Indian told me that I did not know
what I said by claiming that what he knew was useless, because stones and things
growing out in the field have their virtues, and he, with a heated stone,
placing it on the stomach, could cure and take away pain, so that we, who were
wiser men, surely had greater power and virtue.
At last we found ourselves in such stress as to have to
do it, without risking any punishment. Their manner of curing is as follows:
When one is ill they call in a medicine man, and after they are well again not
only do they give him all they have, but even things they strive to obtain from
their relatives. All the medicine man does is to make a few cuts where the pain
is located and then suck the skin around the incisions. They cauterize with
fire, thinking it very effective, and I found it to be so by my own experience.
Then they breathe on the spot where the pain is and believe that with this the
disease goes away.
The way we treated the sick was to make over them the
sign of the cross while breathing on them, recite a Pater noster and Ave Maria,
and pray to God, Our Lord, as best we could to give them good health and inspire
them to do us some favors. Thanks to His will and the mercy He had upon us, all
those for whom we prayed, as soon as we crossed them, told the others that they
were cured and felt well again. For this they gave us good cheer, and would
rather be without food themselves so as to give it to us, and they gave us hides
and other small things. So great was the lack of food then that I often remained
without eating anything whatsoever for three days, and they were in the same
plight, so that it seemed to me impossible for life to last, although I
afterwards suffered still greater privations and much more distress, as I shall
tell further on.
The Indians that kept Alonso del Castillo, Andres
Dorantes and the others, who were still alive, being of another language and
stock, had gone to feed on oysters at another point of the mainland, where they
remained until the first day of the month of April. Then they came back to the
island, which was from there nearly two leagues off, where the channel is
broadest. The island is half a league wide and five long.
All the people of this country go naked; only the women
cover part of their bodies with a kind of wool that grows on trees. The girls go
about in deer skins. They are very liberal towards each other with what they
have. There is no ruler among them. All who are of the same descendancy cluster
together. There are two distinct languages spoken on the island; those of one
language are called Capoques, those of the other Han. They have the custom, when
they know each other and meet from time to time, before they speak, to weep for
half an hour. After they have wept the one who receives the visit rises and
gives to the other all he has. The other takes it, and in a little while goes
away with everything. Even sometimes, after having given and obtained all, they
part without having uttered a word. There are other very queer customs, but
having told the principal ones and the most striking, I must now proceed to
relate what further happened to us.
After Dorantes and Castillo had come back to the
island, they gathered together all the Christians, who were somewhat scattered,
and there were in all fourteen. I, as told, was in another place, on the
mainland, whither my Indians had taken me and where I suffered from such a
severe illness that, although I might otherwise have entertained some hope for
life, this was enough to take it away from me completely. When the Christians
learned of it they gave an Indian the robe of marten we had taken from the
cacique, as stated, in order that he should guide them to where I was, to see
me, and so twelve of them came, two having become so feeble that they did not
dare to take them along.
The names of those who came are: Alonso del Castillo,
Andres Dorantes and Diego Dorantes, Valdivieso, Estrada, Tostado, Chaves,
Gutierrez, an Asturian priest; Diego de Huelva, Estevanico, the negro Benitez,
and as they reached the mainland they found still another of our men named
Francisco de Leon, and the thirteen went along the coast. After they had gone
by, the Indians with whom I was told me of it, and how Hieronimo de Alaniz and
Lope de Oviedo had been left on the island.
My sickness prevented me from following or seeing them.
I had to remain with those same Indians of the island for more than one year,
and as they made me work so much and treated me so badly I determined to flee
and go to those who live in the woods on the mainland, and who are called those
from (of) Charruco.
I could no longer stand the life I was compelled to
lead. Among many other troubles I had to pull the eatable roots out of the water
and from among the canes where they were buried in the ground, and from this my
fingers had become so tender that the mere touch of a straw caused them to
bleed. The reeds would cut me in many places, because many were broken and I had
to go in among them with the clothing I had on, of which I have told. This is
why I went to work and joined the other Indians. Among these I improved my
condition a little by becoming a trader, doing the best in it I could, and they
gave me food and treated me well.
They entreated me to go about from one part to another
to get the things they needed, as on account of constant warfare there is
neither travel nor barter in the land.
So, trading along with my wares I penetrated inland as
far as I cared to go and along the coast as much as forty or fifty leagues. My
stock consisted mainly of pieces of seashells and cockles, and shells with which
they cut a fruit which is like a bean, used by them for healing and in their
dances and feasts. This is of greatest value among them, besides shell-beads and
other objects. These things I carried inland, and in exchange brought back hides
and red ochre with which they rub and dye their faces and hair; flint for arrow
points, glue and hard canes where-with to make them, and tassels made of the
hair of deer, which they dye red. This trade suited me well because it gave me
liberty to go wherever I pleased; I was not bound to do anything and no longer a
slave. Wherever I went they treated me well, and gave me to eat for the sake of
my wares. My principal object in doing it, however, was to find out in what
manner I might get further away. I became well known among them; they rejoiced
greatly when seeing me and I would bring them what they needed, and those who
did not know me would desire and endeavor to meet me for the sake of my fame.
My sufferings, while trading thus, it would take long
to tell; danger, hunger, storms and frost overtaking me often in the open field
and alone, and from which through the mercy of God, Our Lord, I escaped. For
this reason I did not go out trading in winter, it being the time when the
Indians themselves remain in their huts and abodes, unable to go out or assist
each other.
Nearly six years I spent thus in the country, alone
among them and naked, as they all were themselves.
The reason for remaining so long was that I wished to
take with me a Christian called Lope de Oviedo, who still lingered on the
island. The other companion, Alaniz, who remained with him after Alonso del
Castillo and Andres Dorantes and all the others had gone, soon died, and in
order to get him (Oviedo) out of there, I went over to the island every year,
entreating him to leave with me and go, as well as we could, in search of
Christians. But year after year he put it off to the year that was to follow. In
the end I got him to come, took him away, and carried him across the inlets and
through four rivers on the coast, since he could not swim. Thence we proceeded,
together with several Indians, to an inlet one league wide, very deep everywhere
and which seemed to us, from what we saw, to be the one called of the Holy
Ghost.
On the opposite shore we saw Indians who had come to
meet those in our company. They informed us that further on there were three men
like ourselves and told us their names. Upon being asked about the rest of the
party, they answered that all had died from cold and hunger and that the Indians
beyond had killed Diego Dorantes, Valdivieso and Diego de Huelva willfully, only
because these had gone from one house to another, and their neighbors with whom
was now the Captain Dorantes, had, in consequence of some dream dreamt by these
Indians, killed Esquivel and Mendez also. We asked them about those who remained
alive, and they said they were in a very sorry condition, as the boys and other
Indians, idlers and roughs, kicked them, slapped their faces and beat them with
sticks, and such was the life they had to lead.
We inquired about the country further on and the
sustenance that might be found in it. They said it was very thinly settled, with
nothing to eat, and the people dying from cold, as they had neither hides nor
anything else to protect their bodies. They also told us that, if we wished to
meet the three Christians about two days hence, the Indians would come to a
place about a league from there on the shore of that river to feed on nuts. And
to show us that what they said of the ill-treatment of our people was true the
Indians with whom we were kicked and beat my companion. Neither did I remain
without my share of it. They threw mud at us, and put arrows to our chests every
day, saying they would kill us in the same way as our companions. And fearing
this, Lope de Oviedo, my companion, said he preferred to go back, with some
women of the Indians in whose company we had forded the cove and who had
remained behind. I insisted he should not go and did all I could to prevail upon
him to remain, but it was in vain. He went back and I remained alone among these
Indians, who are named Guevenes, whereas those with whom he went away were
called Deaguanes.
Two days after Lope de Oviedo had gone the Indians who
kept Alonso del Castillo and Andres Dorantes came to the very spot we had been
told of to eat the nuts upon which they subsist for two months in the year,
grinding certain small grains with them, without eating anything else. Even of
that they do not always have, since one year there may be some and the next year
not. They (the nuts) are of the size of those of Galicia, and the trees are very
big and numerous.
An Indian told me that the Christians had come and that
if I wished to see them I should run away to hide on the edge of a grove to
which he pointed, as he and some of his relatives were to visit these Indians
and would take me along to the Christians. I confided in them and determined to
do it because they spoke a different language from that of my Indians. So the
next day they took me along. When I got near the site where they had their
lodges, Andres Dorantes came out to look who it was, because the Indians had
informed him also that a Christian was coming, and when he saw me he was much
frightened, as for many days they believed me to be dead, the Indians having
told them so. We gave many thanks to God for being together again, and that day
was one of the happiest we enjoyed in our time, and going to where was Castillo
they asked me whither I went. I told him my purpose was to go to a country of
Christians and that I followed this direction and trail. Andres Dorantes said
that for many days he had been urging Castillo and Estevanico to go further on,
but they did not risk it, being unable to swim and afraid of the rivers and
inlets that had to be crossed so often in that country.
Still, as it pleased God, Our Lord, to spare me after
all my sufferings and sickness and finally let me rejoin them, they at last
determined upon fleeing, as I would take them safely across the rivers and bays
we might meet. But they advised me to keep it secret from the Indians (as well
as my own departure) lest they would kill me forthwith, and that to avoid this
it was necessary to remain with them for six months longer, after which time
they would remove to another section in order to eat prickly pears. These are a
fruit of the size of eggs, red and black, and taste very good. For three months
they subsist upon them exclusively, eating nothing else.
Now, at the time they pluck this fruit, other Indians
from beyond come to them with bows for barter and exchange, and when those turn
back we thought of joining them and escaping in this way. With this
understanding I remained, and they gave me as a slave to an Indian with whom
Dorantes stayed. This Indian, his wife, their son and another Indian who was
with them were all cross-eyed. These are called Mariames, and Castillo was with
others, who were their neighbors, called Iguaces.
And so, being here with them, they told me that after
leaving the Island of Ill-Fate they met on the coast the boat in which the
purser and the monks were going adrift, and that crossing the rivers, of which
there were four, all very large and very swift, the barges in which they crossed
were swept out into the sea, where four of their number were drowned. Thus they
went ahead until they had crossed the inlet, which they did by dint of great
efforts. Fifteen leagues from there they met another of our parties, and when
they reached there, already two of their companions had died in sixty leagues of
travel. The survivors also were very near death. On the whole trip they ate
nothing but crawfish and yerba pedrera.
At this, the last cove, they said they saw Indians
eating blackberries, who, upon perceiving the Christians, went away to another
promontory. While seeking a way to cross the cove an Indian and a Christian came
towards them, and they recognized Figueroa, one of the four we had sent ahead
from the Island of Ill-Fate, who there told them how he and his companions had
gotten to that place, where two of their number and one Indian had died from
cold and hunger, because they had come and remained in the worst weather known.
He also said the Indians took him and Mendez.
While with them Mendez fled, going in the direction of
Panuco as best he might, but the Indians pursued and killed him. So, as he
(Figueroa) was with these same Indians he learned (from them) that with the
Mariames there was a Christian who had come over from the other side and had met
him with those called Guevenes, and that this Christian was Hernando de
Esquivel, from Badajoz, a companion of the commissary. From Esquivel he learned
how the Governor, the purser and the others had ended.
The purser, with the friars, had stranded with their
barge among the rivers, and, while they were proceeding along the coast, the
barge of the Governor and his men came to land also. He (the Governor) then went
with his barge as far as the big cove, whence he returned and took his men
across to the other side, then came back for the purser, the monks and the rest.
He further told him that after disembarking, the Governor revoked the powers he
had given to the purser as his lieutenant, giving the office to a captain that
was with him called Pantoja.
The Governor did not land that night, but remained on
his barge with a pilot and a page who was sick. They had neither water nor
anything to eat aboard, and at midnight a northerner set in with such violence
that it carried the barge out into the sea, without anybody noticing it. They
had for an anchor only a stone, and never more did they hear of him. Thereupon
the people who had remained on land proceeded along the coast, and, being much
impeded by water, built rafts with great trouble, in which they passed to the
other side.
Going ahead, they reached a point of timber on the
beach, where they found Indians, who, upon seeing them approach, placed their
lodges on the canoes and crossed over to the other side of the coast, and the
Christians, in view of the season and weather, since it was in the month of
November, remained in this timber, because they found water and firewood, some
crawfish and other sea-food, but from cold and hunger they began to die.
Moreover, Pantoja, who remained as lieutenant,
ill-treated them. On this Sotomayor, brother of Vasco Porcallo (the one from the
Island of Cuba, who had come in the fleet as Maestro de Campo), unable to stand
it longer, quarreled with Pantoja and struck him a blow with a stick, of which
he died. Thus they perished one after another, the survivors slicing the dead
for meat. The last one to die was Sotomayor, and Esquivel cut him up and fed on
his body until the first of March, when an Indian, of those who had taken to
flight previously, came to look if they were dead and took Esquivel along with
him.
Once in the hands of this Indian, Figueroa spoke to
Esquivel, learning from him what we have told here, and he entreated him to go
in his company towards Panuco. But Esquivel refused, saying he had heard from
the monks that Panuco was in their rear, and so he remained, while Figueroa went
back to the coast where he formerly had been.
All this account Figueroa gave after Esquivel's
narrative, and thus, from one to the other, it came to me. Through it the fate
of the whole fleet will be learned and known, and what happened to every one in
particular. And he said furthermore that if the Christians would go about there
for some time they might possibly meet Esquivel, because he knew that he had run
away from the Indian with whom he was and gone to others called Mariames,who
were their neighbors. And, as I have just said, he and the Asturian wished to go
to other Indians further on, but when those with whom they were found it out,
they beat them severely, undressed the Asturian and pierced one of his arms with
an arrow.
At last the Christians escaped through flight, and
remained with the other Indians, whose slaves they agreed to become. But,
although serving them, they were so ill-treated, that no slaves, nor men in any
condition of life, were ever so abused. Not content with cuffing and beating
them and pulling out their beards for mere pastime, they killed three out of the
six only because they went from one lodge to another. These were Diego Dorantes,
Valdivieso and Diego de Huelva. The three remaining ones expected to meet the
same fate in the end.
To escape from that life Andres Dorantes fled to the
Mariames, and they were the ones with whom Esquivel had been. They told him how
Esquivel stayed with them and how he fled because a woman dreamt he would kill
her son, and the Indians pursued and killed him. They also showed Andres
Dorantes his sword, his rosary, his prayer book and other things of his.
It is a custom of theirs to kill even their own
children for the sake of dreams, and the girls when newly born they throw away
to be eaten by dogs. The reason why they do it is (as they say) that all the
others of that country are their enemies with whom they are always at war, and
should they marry their daughters they might multiply so much as to be able to
overcome them and reduce them to slavery. Hence they prefer to kill the girls
rather than see them give birth to children who would become their foes.
We asked them why they did not wed the girls among
themselves. They replied it was bad to marry them to their own kin, and much
better to do away with their daughters than to leave them to relatives or to
enemies. This custom they have in common with their neighbors, the Iguaces, and
no other tribe of that country has it. When they want to get married they buy
their wives from their enemies. The price paid for a woman is a bow, the best to
be had, with two arrows, and if he has no bow he gives a net as much as a fathom
in width and one in length. They kill their own children and buy those of
strangers. Marriage only lasts as long as they please. For a mere nothing they
break up wedlock.
Dorantes remained only a few days with those Indians
and then escaped. Castillo and Estevanico went inland to the Iguaces. All those
people are archers and well built, although not as tall as those we had left
behind us, and they have the nipple and lip perforated. Their principal food are
two or three kinds of roots, which they hunt for all over the land; they are
very unhealthy, inflating, and it takes two days to roast them. Many are very
bitter, and with all that they are gathered with difficulty. But those people
are so much exposed to starvation that these roots are to them indispensable and
they walk two and three leagues to obtain them. Now and then they kill deer and
at times get a fish, but this is so little and their hunger so great that they
eat spiders and ant eggs, worms, lizards and salamanders and serpents, also
vipers the bite of which is deadly. They swallow earth and wood, and all they
can get, the dung of deer and more things I do not mention; and I verily
believe, from what I saw, that if there were any stones in the country they
would eat them also. They preserve the bones of the fish they eat, of snakes and
other animals, to pulverize them and eat the powder.
The men do not carry burdens or loads, the women and
old men have to do it, for those are the people they least esteem. They have not
as much love for their children as those spoken of before. Some among them are
given to unnatural vices. The women are compelled to do very hard work and in a
great many ways, for out of twenty-four hours of day and night they get only six
hours' rest. They spend most of the night in stirring the fire to dry those
roots which they eat, and at daybreak they begin to dig and carry firewood and
water to their houses and attend to other necessary matters. Most of these
Indians are great thieves, for, although very liberal towards each other, as
soon as one turns his heads his own son or the father grabs what he can. They
are great liars and drunkards and take something in order to become intoxicated.
They are so accustomed to running that, without resting or getting tired, they
run from morning till night in pursuit of a deer, and kill a great many, because
they follow until the game is worn out, sometimes catching it alive. Their huts
are of matting placed over four arches. They carry them on their back and move
every two or three days in quest of food; they plant nothing that would be of
any use.
They are a very merry people, and even when famished do
not cease to dance and celebrate their feasts and ceremonials. Their best times
are when "tunas" (prickly pears) are ripe, because then they have
plenty to eat and spend the time in dancing and eating day and night. As long as
these tunas last they squeeze and open them and set them to dry. When dried they
are put in baskets like figs and kept to be eaten on the way. The peelings they
grind and pulverize.
While with them it happened many times that we were
three or four days without food. Then, in order to cheer us, they would tell us
not to despair, since we would have tunas very soon and eat much and drink their
juice and get big stomachs and be merry, contented and without hunger. But from
the day they said it to the season of the tunas there would still elapse five or
six months, and we had to wait that long.
When the time came, and we went to eat tunas, there
were a great many mosquitoes of three kinds, all very bad and troublesome, which
during most of the summer persecuted us. In order to protect ourselves we built,
all around our camps, big fires of damp and rotten wood, that gave no flame but
much smoke, and this was the cause of further trouble to us, for the whole night
we did not do anything but weep from the smoke that went to our eyes, and the
heat from the fires was so insufferable that we would go to the shore for rest.
And when, sometimes, we were able to sleep, the Indians roused us again with
blows to go and kindle the fires.
Those from further inland have another remedy, just as
bad and even worse, which is to go about with a firebrand, setting fire to the
plains and timber so as to drive off the mosquitoes, and also to get lizards and
similar things which they eat, to come out of the soil. In the same manner they
kill deer, encircling them with fires, and they do it also to deprive the
animals of pasture, compelling them to go for food where the Indians want. For
never they build their abodes except where there are wood and water, and
sometimes load themselves with the requisites and go in quest of deer, which are
found mostly where there is neither water nor wood.
On the very day they arrive they kill deer and whatever
else can be had and use all the water and wood to cook their food with and build
fires against the mosquitoes. They wait for another day to get something to take
along on the road, and when they leave they are so badly bitten by mosquitoes as
to appear like lepers. In this manner they satisfy their hunger twice or thrice
a year and at such great sacrifice as I have told. Having been with them I can
say that no toil or suffering in this world comes near it.
All over this country there are a great many deer, fowl
and other animals which I have before enumerated. Here also they come up with
cows; I have seen them thrice and have eaten their meat. They appear to me of
the size of those in Spain. Their horns are small, like those of the Moorish
cattle; the hair is very long, like fine wool and like a peajacket; some are
brownish and others black, and to my taste they have better and more meat than
those from here. Of the small hides the Indians make blankets to cover
themselves with, and of the taller ones they make shoes and targets. These cows
come from the north, across the country further on, to the coast of Florida, and
are found all over the land for over four hundred leagues. On this whole
stretch, through the valleys by which they come, people who live there descend
to subsist upon their flesh. And a great quantity of hides are met with inland.
When I had been with the Christians for six months,
waiting to execute our plans, the Indians went for "tunas," at a
distance of thirty leagues from there, and as we were about to flee the Indians
began fighting among themselves over a woman and cuffed and struck and hurt each
other, and in great rage each one took his lodge and went his own way. So we
Christians had to part, and in no manner could we get together again until the
year following. During that time I fared very badly, as well from lack of food
as from the abuse the Indians gave me. So badly was I treated that I had to flee
three times from my masters, and they all went in my pursuit ready to kill me.
But God, Our Lord, in His infinite goodness, protected and saved my life.
When the time for the tunas came we found each other
again on the same spot. We had already agreed to escape and appointed a day for
it, when on that very day the Indians separated us, sending each one to a
different place, and I told my companions that I would wait for them at the
tunas until full moon. It was the first of September and the first day of the
new moon, and I told them that if at the time set they did not appear I would go
on alone without them. We parted, each one going off with his Indians.
I remained with mine until the thirteenth of the moon,
determined to escape to other Indians as soon as the moon would be full, and on
that day there came to where I was Andres Dorantes and Estevanico. They told me
they had left Castillo with other people nearby, called Anagados, and how they
had suffered many hardships and been lost. On the following day our Indians
moved towards where Castillo was and were going to join those who kept him,
making friends with them, as until then they had been at war. So we got Castillo
also.
During all the time we ate tunas we felt thirsty. To
allay our thirst we drank the juice of the fruit, pouring it first into a pit
which we dug in the soil, and when that was full we drank to satisfaction. The
Indians do it in that way, out of lack of vessels. The juice is sweet and has
the color of must. There are many kinds of tunas, and some very good ones,
although to me all tasted well alike, hunger never leaving me time to select, or
stop to think which ones were better. Most of the people drink rainwater that
collects here and there, for, as they never have a fixed abode, they know no
springs nor established watering places, although there are rivers.
All over the land are vast and handsome pastures, with
good grass for cattle, and it strikes me the soil would be very fertile were the
country inhabited and improved by reasonable people. We saw no mountains as long
as we were in this country. These Indians told us that further on there were
others called Cajoles, who live nearer the coast, and that they were those who
killed all the people that came in the barge of Penalosa and Tellez. They had
been so emaciated and feeble that when being killed they offered no resistance.
So the Indians finished with all of them, and showed us some of their clothes
and weapons and said the barge was still there stranded. This is the fifth of
the missing ones. That of the Governor we already said had been swept out into
the sea, the one of the purser and the monks was seen stranded on the beach and
Esquivel told us of their end. Of the two in which Castillo, I and Dorantes were
I have told how they sank close to the Isle of Ill-Fate.
Two days after moving we recommended ourselves to God,
Our Lord, and fled, hoping that, although it was late in the season and the
fruits of the tunas were giving out, by remaining in the field we might still
get over a good portion of the land. As we proceeded that day, in great fear
lest the Indians would follow us, we descried smoke, and, going towards it,
reached the place after sundown, where we found an Indian who, when he saw us
coming, did not wait, but ran away. We sent the negro after him, and as the
Indian saw him approach alone he waited. The negro told him that we were going
in search of the people that had raised the smoke. He answered that the
dwellings were nearby and that he would guide us, and we followed. He hurried
ahead to tell of our coming. At sunset we came in sight of the lodges, and two
crossbow shots before reaching them met four Indians waiting for us, and they
received us well. We told them in the language of the Mariames that we had come
to see them. They appeared to be pleased with our company and took us to their
homes. They lodged Dorantes and the negro at the house of a medicine man, and me
and Castillo at that of another. These Indians speak another language and are
called Avavares. They were those who used to fetch bows to ours and barter with
them, and, although of another nation and speech, they understand the idiom of
those with whom we formerly were and had arrived there on that very day with
their lodges. Forthwith they offered us many tunas, because they had heard of us
and of how we cured and of the miracles Our Lord worked through us. And surely,
even if there had been no other tokens, it was wonderful how He prepared the way
for us through a country so scantily inhabited, causing us to meet people where
for a long time there had been none, saving us from so many dangers, not
permitting us to be killed, maintaining us through starvation and distress and
moving the hearts of the people to treat us well, as we shall tell further on.
On the night we arrived there some Indians came to
Castillo complaining that their heads felt very sore and begging him for relief.
As soon as he had made the sign of the cross over them and recommended them to
God, at that very moment the Indians said that all the pain was gone. They went
back to their abodes and brought us many tunas and a piece of venison, something
we did not know any more what it was, and as the news spread that same night
there came many other sick people for him to cure, and each brought a piece of
venison, and so many there were that we did not know where to store the meat. We
thanked God for His daily increasing mercy and kindness, and after they were all
well they began to dance and celebrate and feast until sunrise of the day
following.
They celebrated our coming for three days, at the end
of which we asked them about the land further on, the people and the food that
there might be obtained. They replied there were plenty of tunas all through
that country, but that the season was over and nobody there, because all had
gone to their abodes after gathering tunas; also that the country was very cold
and very few hides in it. Hearing this, and as winter and cold weather were
setting in, we determined to spend it with those Indians. Five days after our
arrival they left to get more tunas at a place where people of a different
nation and language lived, and having travelled five days, suffering greatly
from hunger, as on the way there were neither tunas nor any kind of fruit, we
came to a river, where we pitched our lodges.
As soon as we were settled we went out to hunt for the
fruit of certain trees, which are like spring bittervetch (orobus), and as
through all that country there are no trails, I lost too much time in hunting
for them. The people returned without me, and starting to rejoin them that night
I went astray and got lost. It pleased God to let me find a burning tree, by the
fire of which I spent that very cold night, and in the morning loaded myself
with wood, took two burning sticks and continued my journey. Thus I went on for
five days, always with my firebrands and load of wood, so that in case the fire
went out where there was no timber, as in many parts there is none, I always
would have wherewith to make other torches and not be without firewood. It was
my only protection against the cold, for I went as naked as a newborn child. For
the night I used the following artifice:
I went to the brush in the timber near the rivers and
stopped in it every evening before sunset. Then I scratched a hole in the ground
and threw in it much firewood from the numerous trees. I also picked up dry wood
that had fallen and built around the hole four fires crosswise, being very
careful to stir them from time to time. Of the long grass that grows there I
made bundles, with which I covered myself in that hole and so was protected from
the night cold. But one night fire fell on the straw with which I was covered,
and while I was asleep in the hole it began to burn so rapidly that, although I
hurried out as quick as possible, I still have marks on my hair from this
dangerous accident. During all that time I did not eat a mouthful, nor could I
find anything to eat, and my feet, being bare, bled a great deal. God had mercy
upon me, that in all this time there was no norther; otherwise I could not have
survived.
At the end of five days I reached the shores of a river
and there met my Indians. They, as well as the Christians, had given me up for
dead, thinking that perhaps some snake had bitten me. They all were greatly
pleased to see me, the Christians especially, and told me that thus far they had
wandered about famishing, and therefore had not hunted for me, and that night
they gave me of their tunas. On the next day we left and went where we found a
great many of that fruit with which all appeased their hunger, and we gave many
thanks to Our Lord, whose help to us never failed.
Early the next day many Indians came and brought five
people who were paralyzed and very ill, and they came for Castillo to cure them.
Every one of the patients offered him his bow and arrows, which he accepted, and
by sunset he made the sign of the cross over each of the sick, recommending them
to God, Our Lord, and we all prayed to Him as well as we could to restore them
to health. And He, seeing there was no other way of getting those people to help
us so that we might be saved from our miserable existence, had mercy upon us,
and in the morning all woke up well and hearty and went away in such good health
as if they never had had any ailment whatever. This caused them great admiration
and moved us to thanks to Our Lord and to greater faith in His goodness and the
hope that He would save us, guiding us to where we could serve Him. For myself I
may say that I always had full faith in His mercy and in that He would liberate
me from captivity, and always told my companions so.
When the Indians had gone and taken along those
recently cured, we removed to others that were eating tunas also, called
Cultalchuches and Malicones, which speak a different language, and with them
were others, called Coayos and Susolas, and on another side those called Atayos,
who were at war with the Susolas, and exchanging arrow shots with them every
day.
Nothing was talked about in this whole country but of
the wonderful cures which God, Our Lord, performed through us, and so they came
from many places to be cured, and after having been with us two days some
Indians of the Susolas begged Castillo to go and attend to a man who had been
wounded, as well as to others that were sick and among whom, they said, was one
on the point of death. Castillo was very timid, especially in difficult and
dangerous cases, and always afraid that his sins might interfere and prevent the
cures from being effective. Therefore the Indians told me to go and perform the
cure. They liked me, remembering that I had relieved them while they were out
gathering nuts, for which they had given us nuts and hides. This had happened at
the time I was coming to join the Christians. So I had to go, and Dorantes and
Estevanico went with me.
When I came close to their ranches I saw that the dying
man we had been called to cure was dead, for there were many people around him
weeping and his lodge was torn down, which is a sign that the owner has died. I
found the Indian with eyes up turned, without pulse and with all the marks of
lifelessness. At least so it seemed to me, and Dorantes said the same. I removed
a mat with which he was covered, and as best I could prayed to Our Lord to
restore his health, as well as that of all the others who might be in need of
it, and after having made the sign of the cross and breathed on him many times
they brought his bow and presented it to me, and a basket of ground tunas, and
took me to many others who were suffering from vertigo. They gave me two more
baskets of tunas, which I left to the Indians that had come with us. Then we
returned to our quarters.
Our Indians to whom I had given the tunas remained
there, and at night returned telling, that the dead man whom I attended to in
their presence had resuscitated, rising from his bed, had walked about, eaten
and talked to them, and that all those treated by me were well and in very good
spirits. This caused great surprise and awe, and all over the land nothing else
was spoken of. All who heard it came to us that we might cure them and bless
their children, and when the Indians in our company ( who were the
Cultalchulches) had to return to their country, before parting they offered us
all the tunas they had for their journey, not keeping a single one, and gave us
flint stones as long as one and a-half palms, with which they cut and that are
greatly prized among them. They begged us to remember them and pray to God to
keep them always healthy, which we promised to do, and so they left, the
happiest people upon earth, having given us the very best they had.
We remained with the Avavares Indians for eight months,
according to our reckoning of the moons. During that time they came for us from
many places and said that verily we were children of the sun. Until then
Dorantes and the negro had not made any cures, but we found ourselves so pressed
by the Indians coming from all sides, that all of us had to become medicine men.
I was the most daring and reckless of all in undertaking cures. We never treated
anyone that did not afterwards say he was well, and they had such confidence in
our skill as to believe that none of them would die as long as we were among
them.
These Indians and the ones we left behind told us a
very strange tale. From their account it may have occurred fifteen or sixteen
years ago. They said there wandered then about the country a man, whom they
called "Bad Thing," of small stature and with a beard, although they
never could see his features clearly, and whenever he would approach their
dwellings their hair would stand on end and they began to tremble. In the
doorway of the lodge there would then appear a firebrand. That man thereupon
came in and took hold of anyone he chose, and with a sharp knife of flint, as
broad as a hand and two palms in length, he cut their side, and, thrusting his
hand through the gash, took out the entrails, cutting off a piece one palm long,
which he threw into the fire. Afterwards he made three cuts in one of the arms,
the second one at the place where people are usually bled, and twisted the arm,
but reset it soon afterwards. Then he placed his hands on the wounds, and they
told us that they closed at once. Many times he appeared among them while they
were dancing, sometimes in the dress of a woman and again as a man, and whenever
he took a notion to do it he would seize the hut or lodge, take it up into the
air and come down with it again with a great crash. They also told us how, many
a time, they set food before him, but he never would partake of it, and when
they asked him where he came from and where he had his home, he pointed to a
rent in the earth and said his house was down below.
We laughed very much at those stories, making fun of
them, and then, seeing our incredulity they brought to us many of those whom,
they said, he had taken, and we saw the scars of his slashes in the places and
as they told. We told them he was a demon and explained as best we could that if
they would believe in God, Our Lord, and be Christians like ourselves, they
would not have to fear that man, nor would he come and do such things unto them,
and they might be sure that as long as we were in this country he would not dare
to appear again. At this they were greatly pleased and lost much of their
apprehension.
The same Indians told us they had seen the Asturian and
Figueroa with other Indians further along on the coast, which we had named of
the figs. All those people had no reckoning by either sun or moon, nor do they
count by months and years; they judge of the seasons by the ripening of fruits,
by the time when fish die and by the appearance of the stars, in all of which
they are very clever and expert. While with them we were always well treated,
although our food was never too plentiful, and we had to carry our own water and
wood. Their dwellings and their food are like those of the others, but they are
much more exposed to starvation, having neither maize nor acorns or nuts. We
always went about naked like they and covered ourselves at night with deer
skins.
During six of the eighteen months we were with them we
suffered much from hunger, because they do not have fish either. At the end of
that time the tunas began to ripen, and without their noticing it we left and
went to other Indians further ahead called Maliacones, at a distance of one
day's travel. Three days after I and the negro reached there I sent him back to
get Castillo and Dorantes, and after they rejoined me we all departed in company
of the Indians, who went to eat a small fruit of some trees. On this fruit they
subsist for ten or twelve days until the tunas are fully ripe. There they joined
other Indians called Arbadaos, whom we found to be so sick, emaciated and
swollen that we were greatly astonished. The Indians with whom we had come went
back on the same trail, and we told them that we wished to remain with the
others, at which they showed grief. So we remained with the others in the field
near their dwellings.
When the Indians saw us they clustered together, after
having talked among themselves, and each one of them took the one of us whom he
claimed by the hand and they led us to their homes. While with those we suffered
more from hunger than among any of the others. In the course of a whole day we
did not eat more than two handfuls of the fruit, which was green and contained
so much milky juice that our mouths were burnt by it. As water was very scarce,
whoever ate of them became very thirsty. And we finally grew so hungry that we
purchased two dogs, in exchange for nets and other things, and a hide with which
I used to cover myself. I have said already that through all that country we
went naked, and not being accustomed to it, like snakes we shed our skin twice a
year. Exposure to the sun and air covered our chests and backs with big sores
that made it very painful to carry the big and heavy loads, the ropes of which
cut into the flesh of our arms.
The country is so rough and overgrown that often after
we had gathered firewood in the timber and dragged it out, we would bleed freely
from the thorns and spines which cut and slashed us wherever they touched.
Sometimes it happened that I was unable to carry or drag out the firewood after
I had gathered it with much loss of blood. In all that trouble my only relief or
consolation was to remember the passion of our Saviour, Jesus Christ, and the
blood He shed for me, and to ponder how much greater His sufferings had been
from the thorns, than those I was then enduring. I made a contract with the
Indians to make combs, arrows, bows and nets for them. Also we made matting of
which their lodges are constructed and of which they are in very great need,
for, although they know how to make it, they do not like to do any work, in
order to be able to go in quest of food. Whenever they work they suffer greatly
from hunger.
Again, they would make me scrape skins and tan them,
and the greatest luxury I enjoyed was on the day they would give me a skin to
scrape, because I scraped it very deep in order to eat the parings, which would
last me two or three days. It also happened to us, while being with these
Indians and those before mentioned, that we would eat a piece of meat which they
gave us, raw, because if we broiled it the first Indian coming along would
snatch and eat it; it seemed useless to take any pains, in view of what we might
expect; neither were we particular to go to any trouble in order to have it
broiled and might just as well eat it raw. Such was the life we led there, and
even that scanty maintenance we had to earn through the objects made by our own
hands for barter.
After we had eaten the dogs it seemed to us that we had
enough strength to go further on, so we commended ourselves to the guidance of
God, Our Lord, took leave of these Indians, and they put us on the track of
others of their language who were nearby. While on our way it began to rain and
rained the whole day. We lost the trail and found ourselves in a big forest,
where we gathered plenty of leaves of tunas which we roasted that same night in
an oven made by ourselves, and so much heat did we give them that in the morning
they were fit to be eaten. After eating them we recommended ourselves to God
again, and left, and struck the trail we had lost.
Issuing from the timber, we met other Indian dwellings,
where we saw two women and some boys, who were so frightened at the sight of us
that they fled to the forest to call the men that were in the woods. When these
came they hid behind trees to peep at us. We called them and they approached in
great fear. After we addressed them they told us they were very hungry and that
nearby were many of their own lodges, and they would take us to them. So that
night we reached a site where there were fifty dwellings, and the people were
stupefied at seeing us and showed much fear. After they had recovered from their
astonishment they approached and put their hands to our faces and bodies also.
We stayed there that night, and in the morning they brought their sick people,
begging us to cross them, and gave us of what they had to eat, which were leaves
of tunas and green tunas baked.
For the sake of this good treatment, giving us all they
had, content with being without anything for our sake, we remained with them
several days, and during that time others came from further on. When those were
about to leave we told the first ones that we intended to accompany them. This
made them very sad, and they begged us on their knees not to go. But we went and
left them in tears at our departure, as it pained them greatly.
From the Island of Ill-Fate on, all the Indians whom we
met as far as to here have the custom of not cohabiting with their wives when
these are pregnant, and until the child is two years old.
Children are nursed to the age of twelve years, when
they are old enough to gather their own food. We asked them why they brought
their children up in that way and they replied, it was owing to the great
scarcity of food all over that country, since it was common (as we saw) to be
without it two or three days, and even four, and for that reason they nursed the
little ones so long to preserve them from perishing through hunger. And even if
they should survive, they would be very delicate and weak. When one falls sick
he is left to die in the field unless he be somebody's child. Other invalids, if
unable to travel, are abandoned; but a son or brother is taken along.
There is also a custom for husbands to leave their
wives if they do not agree, and to remarry whom they please; this applies to the
young men, but after they have had children they stay with their women and do
not leave them.
When, in any village, they quarrel among themselves,
they strike and beat each other until worn out, and only then do they separate.
Sometimes their women step in and separate them, but men never interfere in
these brawls. Nor do they ever use bow and arrow, and after they have fought and
settled the question, they take their lodges and women and go out into the field
to live apart from the others till their anger is over, and when they are no
longer angry and their resentment has passed away they return to the village and
are as friendly again as if nothing had happened. There is no need of mediation.
When the quarrel is between unmarried people they go to some of the neighbors,
who, even if they be enemies, will receive them well, with great festivities and
gifts of what they have, so that, when pacified, they return to their village
wealthy.
They all are warriors and so astute in guarding
themselves from an enemy as if trained in continuous wars and in Italy. When in
places where their enemies can offend them, they set their lodges on the edge of
the roughest and densest timber and dig a trench close to it in which they
sleep. The men at arms are hidden by brushwood and have their loopholes, and are
so well covered and concealed that even at close range they cannot be seen.
To the densest part of the forest they open a very
narrow trail and there arrange a sleeping place for their women and children. As
night sets in they build fires in the lodges, so that if there should be spies
about, these would think the people to sleep there. And before sunrise they
light the same fires again. Now, ditches, without being seen or discovered.
In case there are no forests wherein they can hide thus
and prepare their ambushes, they settle on the plain wherever it appears most
appropriate, surrounding the place with trenches protected by brushwood. In
these they open loopholes through which they can reach the enemy with arrows,
and those parapets they build for the night. While I was with the Aguenes and
these not on their guard, their enemies surprised them at midnight, killing
three and wounding a number, so that they fled from their houses to the forest.
As soon, however, as they noticed that the others had gone they went back,
picked up all the arrows the others had spent and left and followed them as
stealthily as possible. That same night they reached the others' dwellings
unnoticed, and at sunrise attacked, killing five, besides wounding a great many.
The rest made their escape, leaving homes and bows behind, with all their other
belongings.
A short time after this the women of those calling
themselves Guevenes came, held a parley and made them friends again, but
sometimes women are also the cause of war. All those people when they have
personal questions and are not of one family, kill each other in a treacherous
way and deal most cruelly with one another.
Those Indians are the readiest people with their
weapons of all I have seen in the world, for when they suspect the approach of
an enemy they lie awake all night with their bows within reach and a dozen of
arrows, and before one goes to sleep he tries his bow, and should the string not
be to his liking he arranges it until it suits him. Often they crawl out of
their dwellings so as not to be seen and look and spy in every direction after
danger, and if they detect anything, in less than no time are they all out in
the field with their bows and arrows. Thus they remain until daybreak, running
hither and thither whenever they see danger or suspect their enemies might
approach. When day comes they unstring their bows until they go hunting.
The strings of their bows are made of deer sinews. They
fight in a crouching posture, and while shooting at each other talk and dart
from one side to the other to dodge the arrows of the foe. In this way they
receive little damage from our crossbows and muskets. On the contrary, the
Indians laugh at those weapons, because they are not dangerous to them on the
plains over which they roam. They are only good in narrows and in swamps.
Horses are what the Indians dread most, and by means of
which they will be overcome.
Whoever has to fight Indians must take great care not
to let them think he is disheartened or that he covets what they own; in war
they must be treated very harshly, for should they notice either fear or greed,
they are the people who know how to abide their time for revenge and to take
courage from the fears of their enemy. After spending all their arrows, they
part, going each their own way, and without attempting pursuit, although one
side might have more men than the other; such is their custom.
Many times they are shot through and through with
arrows, but do not die from the wounds as long as the bowels or heart are not
touched; on the contrary, they recover quickly. Their eyesight, hearing and
senses in general are better, I believe, than those of any other men upon earth.
They can stand, and have to stand, much hunger, thirst and cold, being more
accustomed and used to it than others. This I wished to state here, since,
besides that all men are curious to know the habits and devices of others, such
as might come in contact with those people should be informed of their customs
and deeds, which will be of no small profit to them.
I also do wish to tell of the nations and languages met
with from the Island of Ill-Fate to the last ones, the Cuchendados. On the
Island of Ill-Fate two languages are spoken, the ones they call Capoques, the
others Han. On the mainland, facing the island, are others, called of Charruco,
who take their name from the woods in which they live. Further on, along the
seashore, are others, who call themselves Deguenes, and in front of them others
named those of Mendica. Further on, on the coast, are the Quevenes, in front
further inland the Mariames, and following the coast we come to the Guaycones,
and in front of them inland the Yeguaces. After those come the Atayos, and
behind them others, called Decubadaos, of whom there are a great many further on
in this direction. On the coast live the Quitoles, and in front of them, inland,
the Chauauares. These are joined by the Maliacones and the Cultalchulches and
others called Susola and Comos, ahead on the coast are the Camolas, and further
on those whom we call the people of the figs.
All those people have homes and villages and speak
different languages. Among them is a language wherein they call men mira aca,
arraca, and dogs xo.
In this whole country they make themselves drunk by a
certain smoke for which they give all they have. They also drink something which
they extract from leaves of trees, like unto water-oak, toasting them on the
fire in a vessel like a low-necked bottle. When the leaves are toasted they fill
the vessel with water and hold it over the fire so long until it has thrice
boiled; then they pour the liquid into a bowl made of a gourd cut in twain. As
soon as there is much foam on it they drink it as hot as they can stand, and
from the time they take it out of the first vessel until they drink they shout,
"Who wants to drink ?" When the women hear this they stand still at
once, and although they carry a very heavy load do not dare to move. Should one
of them stir, she is dishonored and beaten. In a great rage they spill the
liquid they have prepared and spit out what they drank, easily and without pain.
The reason for this custom, they say, is that when they want to drink that water
and the women stir from the spot where they first hear the shouts, an evil
substance gets into the liquid that penetrates their bodies, causing them to die
before long. All the time the water boils the vessel must be kept covered.
Should it be uncovered while a woman comes along they pour it out and do not
drink of it. It is yellow and they drink it for three days without partaking of
any food, each consuming an arroba and a half every day.
When the women are ill they only seek food for
themselves, because nobody else eats of what they bring.
During the time I was among them I saw something very
repulsive, namely, a man married to another. Such are impotent and womanish
beings, who dress like women and perform the office of women, but use the bow
and carry big loads. Among these Indians we saw many of them; they are more
robust than the other men, taller, and can bear heavy burthens.
After parting from those we had left in tears, we went
with the others to their homes and were very well received. They brought us
their children to touch, and gave us much mesquite-meal. This mezquiquez is a
fruit which, while on the tree, is very bitter and like the carob bean. It is
eaten with earth and then becomes sweet and very palatable. The way they prepare
it is to dig a hole in the ground, of the depth it suits them, and after the
fruit is put in that hole, with a piece of wood, the thickness of a leg and one
and a half fathoms long they pound it to a meal, and to the earth that mixes
with it in the hole they add several handfuls and pound again for a while. After
that they empty it into a vessel, like a small, round basket, and pour in enough
water to cover it fully, so that there is water on top. Then the one who has
done the pounding tastes it, and if it appears to him not sweet enough he calls
for more earth to add, and this he does until it suits his taste. Then all squat
around and every one reaches out with his hand and takes as much as he can. The
seeds and peelings they set apart on hides, and the one who has done the
pounding throws them back into the vessel, pouring water over them again. They
squeeze out the juice and water, and the husks and seeds they again put on
hides, repeating the operation three or four times at every pounding. Those who
take part in that banquet, which is for them a great occasion, get very big
bellies from the earth and water they swallow.
Now, of this, the Indians made a great feast in our
behalf, and danced and celebrated all the time we were with them. And at night
six Indians, to each one of us, kept watch at the entrance to the lodge we slept
in, without allowing anybody to enter before sunrise.
When we were about to leave some women happened to
come, that belonged to Indians living further on, and, informing ourselves where
their abodes were, we left, although the Indians entreated us to remain a day
longer, since the place we wanted to go to was very far away, and there was no
trail to it. They showed us how the women who had just arrived were tired, but
that if we would let them rest until the next day, they then would accompany and
guide us. We left, nevertheless, and soon the women followed with others of the
village.
There being no trails in that country, we soon lost our
way. At the end of four leagues we reached a spring, and there met the women who
had followed us, and who told us of all they had gone through until they fell in
with us again. We went on, taking them along as guides.
In the afternoon we crossed a big river, the water
being more than waist-deep. It may have been as wide as the one of Sevilla, and
had a swift current. At sunset we reached a hundred Indian huts and, as we
approached, the people came out to receive us, shouting frightfully, and
slapping their thighs. They carried perforated gourds filled with pebbles, which
are ceremonial objects of great importance. They only use them at dances, or as
medicine, to cure, and nobody dares touch them but themselves. They claim that
those gourds have healing virtues, and that they come from Heaven, not being
found in that country; nor do they know where they come from, except that the
rivers carry them down when they rise and overflow the land.
So great was their excitement and eagerness to touch us
that, every one wanting to be first, they nearly squeezed us to death, and,
without suffering our feet to touch the ground, carried us to their abodes. So
many crowded down upon us that we took refuge in the lodges they had prepared
for our accommodation, and in no manner consented to be feasted by them on that
night.
The whole night they spent in celebration and dancing,
and the next morning they brought us every living soul of that village to be
touched by us and to have the cross made over them, as with the others. Then
they gave to the women of the other village who had come with their own a great
many arrows. The next day we went on, and all the people of that village with
us, and when we came to other Indians were as well received as anywhere in the
past; they also gave us of what they had and the deer they had killed during the
day. Among these we saw a new custom. Those who were with us took away from
those people who came to get cured their bows and arrows, their shoes and beads,
if they wore any, and placed them before us to induce us to cure the sick. As
soon as these had been treated they went away contented and saying they felt
well.
So we left there also, going to others, by whom we were
also very well received, and they brought us their sick, who, after we had made
the sign of the cross over them, would say they were healed, and he who did not
get well still believed we might cure him. And at what the others whom we had
treated told they rejoiced and danced so much as not to let us sleep.
After we left those we went to many other lodges, but
thence on there prevailed a new custom. While we were received very well
everywhere, those who came with us would treat those who received us badly,
taking away their belongings and plundering their homes, without leaving them
anything. It grieved us very much to see how those who were so good to us were
abused. Besides, we dreaded lest this behavior might cause trouble and strife.
But as we could not venture to interfere or punish the transgressors, we had to
wait until we might have more authority over them. Furthermore, the sufferers
themselves, noticing how we felt, comforted us by saying we should not worry;
that they were so happy at seeing us as to gladly lose their own, considering it
to be well employed, and besides, that further on they would repay themselves
from other Indians who were very rich. On that whole journey we were much
worried by the number of people following us. We could not escape them, although
we tried, because they were so anxious to touch us, and so obtrusive that in
three hours we could not get through with them.
The following day they brought us all the people of the
village; most of them had one eye clouded, while others were totally blind from
the same cause, at which we were amazed. They are well built, of very good
physique, and whiter than any we had met until then. There we began to see
mountains, and it seemed as if they swept down from the direction of the North
Sea, and so, from what the Indians told us, we believe they are fifteen leagues
from the ocean.
From there we went with the Indians towards the
mountains aforesaid, and they took us to some of their relatives. They did not
want to lead us anywhere but to their own people, so as to prevent their enemies
having any share in the great boon which, as they fancied, it was to see us. And
as soon as we would arrive those that went with us would sack the houses of the
others; but as these knew of the custom before our coming, they hid some of
their chattels, and, after receiving us with much rejoicing, they took out the
things which they had concealed and presented them to us. These were beads and
ochre, and several little bags of silver. We, following the custom, turned the
gifts immediately over to the Indians who had come in our company, and after
they had given these presents they began their dances and celebrations, and sent
for others from another village near by to come and look at us. In the afternoon
they all came, and brought us beads, bows, and other little things, which we
also distributed.
The next day, as we were going to leave, they all
wanted to take us to others of their friends, who dwelt on a spur of the
mountains. They said there were a great many lodges, and people who would give
us much, but, as it was out of our way, we did not want to go there, and
continued on the plain, though near the mountains, thinking them to be not far
from the coast. All the people there are very bad, and we preferred to cross the
country, as further inland they were better inclined, and treated us better. We
also felt sure to find the country more thickly settled and with more resources.
Finally, we did it because, in crossing the country, we would see much more of
its particulars, so that, in case God our Lord should be pleased to spare one of
us and take him back to a land of Christians, he might give an account of it.
When the Indians saw we were determined not to go
whither they wanted, they said that nobody lived where we intended to go,
neither were there tunas nor any other food, and they entreated us to tarry one
day longer with them, to which we consented. Two Indians were sent out to look
for people on our proposed route.
The next day we departed, taking many of them along,
the women carrying water, and so great had become our authority that none dared
to drink without our permission. After going two leagues we met the men sent out
in search of people, but who had not found any. At this the Indians seemed to
show grief, and again begged us to take the way of the mountains, but we
persisted, and, seeing this, they took mournful leave of us and turned back down
the river to their homes, while we proceeded along the stream upwards.
Soon we met two women carrying loads. As they descried
us they stood still, put down their loads, and brought us of what these
contained, which was cornmeal, and told us that higher up on the river we would
meet with dwellings, plenty of tunas, and of that same meat. We left them as
they were going to those from whom we had just taken leave, and walked on until
at sunset we reached a village of about twenty lodges, where they received us
with tears and deep sorrow. They already knew that, wherever we arrived, the
people would be robbed and plundered by those in our company. But, seeing us
alone, they lost their fear, and gave us tunas, though nothing else. We stayed
there over night.
At daybreak the same Indians we had left the day before
surprised the lodges, and, as the people were unprepared, in fancied security,
and had neither time nor place to hide anything, they were stripped of all their
chattels, at which they wept bitterly. In consolation, the robbers told them
that we were children of the sun, and had the power to cure or kill, and other
lies, bigger even than those which they invent to suit their purposes. They also
enjoined them to treat us with great reverence, and be careful not to arouse our
wrath; to give us all they had and guide us to where there were many people, and
that wherever we should come to they should steal and rob everything the others
had, such being the custom.
After giving these instructions, and teaching the
people how to behave, they returned, and left us with these Indians, who,
mindful of what the others had said, began to treat us with the same respect and
awe, and we travelled in their company for three days. They took us to where
there were many Indians, and went ahead to tell them of our coming, repeating
what they had heard and adding much more to it, for all these Indians are great
gossipers and liars, particularly when they think it to be to their benefit. As
we neared the lodges all the inmates came out to receive us, with much rejoicing
and display, and, among other things, two of their medicine-men gave us two
gourds. Thence onward we carried gourds, which added greatly to our authority,
since they hold these ceremonial objects very high. Our companions sacked the
dwellings, but as there were many and they only few in number, they could not
carry away all they took, so that more than half was left to waste. Thence we
turned inland for more than fifty leagues, following the slopes of the
mountains, and at the end of them met forty dwellings.
There, among other things which they gave us, Andres
Dorantes got a big rattle of copper, large, on which was represented a face, and
which they held in great esteem. They said it had been obtained from some of
their neighbors. Upon asking these whence it had come, they claimed to have
brought it from the north, where there was much of it and highly prized. We
understood that, wherever it might have come from, there must be foundries, and
that metal was cast in molds. Leaving on the next day, we crossed a mountain
seven leagues long, the stones of which were iron slags. At night we came to
many dwellings, situated on the banks of a very beautiful river.
The inmates of these abodes came to receive us halfways,
with their children on their backs. They gave us a number of pouches with silver
and powdered antimony (or lead), with which they paint their faces, and many
beads and robes of cow-skins, and loaded those who came with us with all their
chattels. These people ate tunas and pine-nuts; there are in that country small
trees of the sweet pine, the cones of which are like small eggs, but the nuts
are better than those of Castilla, because the husks are thin. When still green
they grind them and make balls that are eaten. When dried they grind the nuts
with the husks, and eat them as meal. And those who received us, as soon as they
had touched our bodies, returned to their houses on a run, then came again, and
never stopped running back and forth. In this way they brought us a great many
things for our journey.
Here they brought to me a man who, they told, a long
time ago had been shot through the left side of the back with an arrow, the head
of which stuck close to his heart. He said it gave him much pain, and that on
this account he was sick. I touched the region of the body and felt the
arrowhead, and that it had pierced the cartilage. So, with a knife, I cut open
the breast as far as the place. The arrow point had gotten athwart, and was very
difficult to remove. By cutting deeper, and inserting the point of the knife,
with great difficulty I got it out; it was very long. Then, with a deer-bone,
according to my knowledge of surgery, I made two stitches. After I had extracted
the arrow they begged me for it, and I gave it to them. The whole village came
back to look at it, and they sent it further inland that the people there might
see it also.
On account of this cure they made many dances and
festivities, as is their custom. The next day I cut the stitches, and the Indian
was well. The cut I had made only showed a scar like a line in the palm of the
hand, and he said that he felt not the least pain.
Now, this cure gave us such fame among them all over
the country as they were capable of conceiving and respecting. We showed them
our rattle, and they told us that where it had come from there were a great many
sheets of the same (metal) buried, that it was a thing they valued highly, and
that there were fixed abodes at the place. We believe it to be near the South
Sea, for we always heard that sea was richer (in metal) than the one of the
north.
After leaving these people we travelled among so many
different tribes and languages that nobody's memory can recall them all, and
always they robbed each other; but those who lost and those who gained were
equally content. The number of our companions became so large that we could no
longer control them.
Going through these valleys each Indian carried a club
three palms in length. They all moved in a front, and whenever a hare (of which
there are many) jumped up they closed in upon the game, and rained such blows
upon it that it was amazing to see. Thus they drove the hare from one to the
other, and, to my fancy, it was the most agreeable chase that could be thought
of, for many a time they would come right to one's hands; and when at night we
camped they had given us so many that each one of us had eight or ten loads.
Those of the Indians who carried bows would not take part, but went to the
mountains after deer, and when at night they came back it was with five or six
deer for each one of us, with birds, quails, and other game; in short, all those
people could kill they set before us, without ever daring to touch anything,
even if dying of hunger, unless we blessed it first. Such was their custom from
the time they joined us.
The women brought many mats, with which they built us
houses, one for each of us and those attached to him. After this we would order
them to broil all the game, and they did it quickly in ovens built by them for
the purpose. We partook of everything a little, giving the rest to the principal
man among those who had come with us for distribution among all. Every one then
came with the share he had received for us to breathe on it and bless it,
without which they left it untouched. Often we had with us three to four
thousand persons. And it was very tiresome to have to breathe on and make the
sign of the cross over every morsel they ate or drank. For many other things
which they wanted to do they would come to ask our permission, so that it is
easy to realize how greatly we were bothered. The women brought us tunas,
spiders, worms, and whatever else they could find, for they would rather starve
than partake of anything that had not first passed through our hands.
While travelling with those, we crossed a big river
coming from the north and, traversing about thirty leagues of plains, met a
number of people that came from afar to meet us on the trail, who treated us
like the foregoing ones.
Thence on there was a change in the manner of
reception, insofar as those who would meet us on the trail with gifts were no
longer robbed by the Indians of our company, but after we had entered their
homes they tendered us all they possessed, and the dwellings also. We turned
over everything to the principals for distribution. Invariably those who had
been deprived of their belongings would follow us, in order to repair their
losses, so that our retinue became very large. They would tell them to be
careful and not conceal anything of what they owned, as it could not be done
without our knowledge, and then we would cause their death. So much did they
frighten them that on the first few days after joining us they would be
trembling all the time, and would not dare to speak or lift their eyes to
Heaven.
Those guided us for more than fifty leagues through a
desert of very rugged mountains, and so arid that there was no game.
Consequently we suffered much from lack of food., and finally forded a very big
river, with its water reaching to our chest. Thence on many of our people began
to show the effects of the hunger and hardships they had undergone in those
mountains, which were extremely barren and tiresome to travel.
The same Indians led us to a plain beyond the chain of
mountains, where people came to meet us from a long distance. By those we were
treated in the same manner as before, and they made so many presents to the
Indians who came with us that, unable to carry all, they left half of it. We
told the givers to take it back, so as not to have it lost, but they refused,
saying it was not their custom to take back what they had once offered, and so
it was left to waste. We told these people our route was towards sunset, and
they replied that in that direction people lived very far away. So we ordered
them to send there and inform the inhabitants that we were coming and how. From
this they begged to be excused, because the others were their enemies, and they
did not want us to go to them. Yet they did not venture to disobey in the end,
and sent two women, one of their own and the other a captive. They selected
women because these can trade everywhere, even if there be war.
We followed the women to a place where it had been
agreed we should wait for them. After five days they had not yet returned, and
the Indians explained that it might be because they had not found anybody. So we
told them to take us north, and they repeated that there were no people, except
very far away, and neither food nor water. Nevertheless we insisted, saying that
we wanted to go there, and they still excused themselves as best they could,
until at last we became angry.
One night I went away to sleep out in the field apart
from them; but they soon came to where I was, and remained awake all night in
great alarm, talking to me, saying how frightened they were. They entreated us
not to be angry any longer, because, even if it was their death, they would take
us where we chose. We feigned to be angry still, so as to keep them in suspense,
and then a singular thing happened.
On that same day many fell sick, and on the next day
eight of them died! All over the country, where it was known, they became so
afraid that it seemed as if the mere sight of us would kill them. They besought
us not to be angry nor to procure the death of any more of their number, for
they were convinced that we killed them by merely thinking of it. In truth, we
were very much concerned about it, for, seeing the great mortality, we dreaded
that all of them might die or forsake us in their terror, while those further
on, upon learning of it, would get out of our way hereafter. We prayed to God
our Lord to assist us, and the sick began to get well. Then we saw something
that astonished us very much, and it was that, while the parents, brothers and
wives of the dead had shown deep grief at their illness, from the moment they
died the survivors made no demonstration whatsoever, and showed not the
slightest feeling; nor did they dare to go near the bodies until we ordered
their burial.
In more than fifteen days that we remained with them we
never saw them talk together, neither did we see a child that laughed or cried.
One child, who had begun to cry, was carried off some distance, and with some
very sharp mice-teeth they scratched it from the shoulders down to nearly the
legs. Angered by this act of cruelty, I took them to task for it, and they said
it was done to punish the child for having wept in my presence. Their
apprehensions caused the others that came to see us to give us what they had,
since they knew that we did not take anything for ourselves, but left it all to
the Indians.
Those were the most docile people we met in the
country, of the best complexion, and on the whole well built.
The sick being on the way of recovery, when we had been
there already three days, the women whom we had sent out returned, saying that
they had met very few people, nearly all having gone after the cows, as it was
the season. So we ordered those who had been sick to remain, and those who were
well to accompany us, and that, two days' travel from there, the same women
should go with us and get people to come to meet us on the trail for our
reception.
The next morning all those who were strong enough came
along, and at the end of three journeys we halted. Alonso del Castillo and
Estevanico, the negro, left with the women as guides, and the woman who was a
captive took them to a river that flows between mountains, where there was a
village, in which her father lived, and these were the first abodes we saw that
were like unto real houses. Castillo and Estevanico went to these and, after
holding parley with the Indians, at the end of three days Castillo returned to
where he had left us, bringing with him five or six of the Indians. He told how
he had found permanent houses, inhabited, the people of which ate beans and
squashes, and that he had also seen maize.
Of all things upon earth this caused us the greatest
pleasure, and we gave endless thanks to our Lord for this news. Castillo said
that the negro was coming to meet us on the way, near by, with all the people of
the houses. For that reason we started, and after going a league and a half met
the negro and the people that came to receive us, who gave us beans and many
squashes to eat, gourds to carry water in, robes of cowhide, and other things.
As those people and the Indians of our company were enemies, and did not
understand each other, we took leave of the latter, leaving them all that had
been given to us, while we went on with the former and, six leagues beyond, when
night was already approaching, reached their houses, where they received us with
great ceremonies. Here we remained one day, and left on the next, taking them
with us to other permanent houses, where they subsisted on the same food also,
and thence on we found a new custom.
The people who heard of our approach did not, as
before, come out to meet us on the way, but we found them at their homes, and
they had other houses ready for us. They were all seated with their faces turned
to the wall, the heads bowed and the hair pulled over the eyes. Their belongings
had been gathered in a heap in the middle of the floor, and thence on they began
to give us many robes of skins. There was nothing they would not give us. They
are the best formed people we have seen, the liveliest and most capable; who
best understood us and answered our questions. We called them "of the
cows," because most of the cows die near therein and because for more than
fifty leagues up that stream they go to kill many of them. Those people go
completely naked, after the manner of the first we met. The women are covered
with deer-skins, also some men, especially the old ones, who are of no use any
more in war.
The country is well settled. We asked them why they did
not raise maize, and they replied that they were afraid of losing the crops,
since for two successive years it had not rained, and the seasons were so dry
that the moles had eaten the corn, so that they did not dare to plant any more
until it should have rained very hard. And they also begged us to ask Heaven for
rain, which we promised to do. We also wanted to know from where they brought
their maize, and they said it came from where the sun sets, and that it was
found all over that country, and the shortest way to it was in that direction.
We asked them to tell us how to go, as they did not want to go themselves, to
tell us about the way.
They said we should travel up the river towards the
north, on which trail for seventeen days we would not find a thing to eat except
a fruit called chacan, which they grind between stones; but even then it cannot
be eaten, being so coarse and dry; and so it was, for they showed it to us and
we could not eat it. But they also said that, going upstream, we would always
travel among people who were their enemies, although speaking the same language,
and who could give us no food, but would receive us very willingly, and give us
many cotton blankets, hides and other things; but that it seemed to them that we
ought not to take that road.
In doubt as to what should be done, and which was the
best and most advantageous road to take, we remained with them for two days.
They gave us beans, squashes and calabashes. Their way of cooking them is so new
and strange that I felt like describing it here, in order to show how different
and queer are the devices and industries of human beings. They have no pots. In
order to cook their food they fill a middle-sized gourd with water, and place
into a fire such stones as easily become heated, and when they are hot to scorch
they take them out with wooden tongs, thrusting them into the water of the
gourd, until it boils. As soon as it boils they put into it what they want to
cook, always taking out the stones as they cool off and throwing in hot ones to
keep the water steadily boiling. This is their way of cooking.
After two days were past we determined to go in search
of maize, and not to follow the road to the cows, since the latter carried us to
the north, which meant a very great circuit, as we held it always certain that
by going towards sunset we should reach the goal of our wishes.
So we went on our way and traversed the whole country
to the South Sea, and our resolution was not shaken by the fear of great
starvation, which the Indians said we should suffer (and indeed suffered) during
the first seventeen days of travel. All along the river, and in the course of
these seventeen days we received plenty of cowhides, and did not eat of their
famous fruit (chacan) but our food consisted (for each day) of a handful of
deer-tallow, which for that purpose we always sought to keep, and so endured
these seventeen days, at the end of which we crossed the river and marched for
seventeen days more. At sunset, on a plain between very high mountains, we met
people who, for one-third of the year, eat but powdered straw, and as we went by
just at that time, had to eat it also, until, at the end of that journey we
found some permanent houses, with plenty of harvested maize, of which and of its
meal they gave us great quantities, also squashes and beans, and blankets of
cotton, with all of which we loaded those who had conducted us thither, so that
they went home the most contented people upon earth. We gave God our Lord many
thanks for having taken us where there was plenty to eat.
Among the houses there were several made of earth, and
others of cane matting; and from here we travelled more than a hundred leagues,
always meeting permanent houses and a great stock of maize and beans, and they
gave us many deer (-hides?) and blankets of cotton better than those of New
Spain. They also gave us plenty of beads made out of the coral found in the
South Sea; many good turquoises, which they get from the north; they finally
gave us all they had; and Dorantes they presented with five emeralds, shaped as
arrow-points, which arrows they use in their feasts and dances. As they appeared
to be of very good quality, I asked whence they got them from, and they said it
was from some very high mountains toward the north, where they traded for them
with feather-bushes and parrot-plumes, and they said also that there were
villages with many people and very big houses.
Among those people we found the women better treated
than in any other part of the Indies as far as we have seen. They wear skirts of
cotton that reach as far as the knee, and over them half-sleeves of scraped
deerskin, with strips that hang down to the ground, and which they clean with
certain roots, that clean very well and thus keep them tidy. The shirts are open
in front and tied with strings; they wear shoes.
All those people came to us that we might touch and
cross them; and they were so obtrusive as to make it difficult to endure since
all, sick and healthy, wanted to be crossed. It happened frequently that women
of our company would give birth to children and forthwith bring them to have the
sign of the cross made over them and the babes be touched by us. They always
accompanied us until we were again in the care of others, and all those people
believed that we came from Heaven. What they do not understand or is new to them
they are wont to say it comes from above.
While travelling with these we used to go the whole day
without food, until night, and then we would eat so little that the Indians were
amazed. They never saw us tired, because we were, in reality, so inured to
hardships as not to feel them any more. We exercised great authority over them,
and carried ourselves with much gravity, and, in order to maintain it, spoke
very little to them. It was the negro who talked to them all the time; he
inquired about the road we should follow, the villages &emdash; in short,
about everything we wished to know. We came across a great variety and number of
languages, and God our Lord favored us with a knowledge of all, because they
always could understand us and we understood them, so that when we asked they
would answer by signs, as if they spoke our tongue and we theirs; for, although
we spoke six languages, not everywhere could we use them, since we found more
than a thousand different ones. In that part of the country those who were at
war would at once make peace and become friendly to each other, in order to meet
us and bring us all they possessed; and thus we left the whole country at peace.
We told them, by signs which they understood, that in
Heaven there was a man called God, by us, who had created Heaven and earth, and
whom we worshipped as our Lord; that we did as he ordered us to do, all good
things coming from his hand, and that if they were to do the same they would
become very happy; and so well were they inclined that, had there been a
language in which we could have made ourselves perfectly understood, we would
have left them all Christians. All this we gave them to understand as clearly as
possible, and since then, when the sun rose, with great shouting they would lift
their clasped hands to Heaven and then pass them all over their body. The same
they did at sunset. They are well conditioned people, apt to follow any line
which is well traced for them.
In the village where they had given us the emeralds,
they also gave Dorantes over six hundred hearts of deer, opened, of which they
kept always a great store for eating. For this reason we gave to their
settlement the name of "village of the hearts." Through it leads the
pass into many provinces near the South Sea, and any one who should attempt to
get there by another route must surely be lost, as there is no maize on the
coast, and they eat powdered fox-tail grass, straw, and fish, which they catch
in the sea in rafts, for they have no canoes. The women cover their loins with
straw and grass. They are a very shy and surly people.
We believe that, near the coast, in a line with the
villages which we followed, there are more than a thousand leagues of inhabited
land, where they have plenty of victuals, since they raise three crops of beans
and maize in the year. There are three kinds of deer, one kind as large as
calves are in Castilla. The houses in which they live are huts. They have a
poison, from certain trees of the size of our apple trees. They need but pick
the fruit and rub their arrows with it; and if there is no fruit they take a
branch and with its milky sap do the same. Many of those trees are so poisonous
that if the leaves are pounded and washed in water near by, the deer, or any
other animal that drinks of it burst at once. In this village we stayed three
days, and at a day's journey from it was another one, where such a rain overtook
us that, as the river rose high, we could not cross it, and remained there
fifteen days.
During this time Castillo saw, on the neck of an
Indian, a little buckle from a swordbelt, and in it was sewed a horseshoe nail.
He took it from the Indian, and we asked what it was; they said it had come from
Heaven. We further asked who had brought it, and they answered that some men,
with beards like ours, had come from Heaven to that river; that they had horses,
lances and swords, and had lanced two of them.
As cautiously as possible, we then inquired what had
become of those men; and they replied they had gone to sea, putting their lances
into the water and going into it themselves, and that afterwards they saw them
on top of the waves moving towards sunset.
We gave God our Lord many thanks for what we had heard,
for we were despairing to ever hear of Christians again. On the other hand, we
were in great sorrow and much dejected, lest those people had come by sea for
the sake of discovery only. Finally, having such positive notice of them, we
hastened onward, always finding more traces of the Christians, and we told the
Indians that we were now sure to find the Christians, and would tell them not to
kill Indians or make them slaves, nor take them out of their country, or do any
other harm, and of that they were very glad.
We travelled over a great part of the country, and
found it all deserted, as the people had fled to the mountains, leaving houses
and fields out of fear of the Christians. This filled our hearts with sorrow,
seeing the land so fertile and beautiful, so full of water and streams, but
abandoned and the places burned down, and the people, so thin and wan, fleeing
and hiding; and as they did not raise any crops their destitution had become so
great that they ate tree-bark and roots. Of this distress we had our share all
the way along, because they could provide little for us in their indigence, and
it looked as if they were going to die. They brought us blankets, which they had
been concealing from the Christians, and gave them to us, and told us how the
Christians had penetrated into the country before, and had destroyed and burnt
the villages, taking with them half of the men and all the women and children,
and how those who could escaped by flight. Seeing them in this plight, afraid to
stay anywhere, and that they neither would nor could cultivate the soil,
preferring to die rather than suffer such cruelties, while they showed the
greatest pleasure at being with us, we began to apprehend that the Indians who
were in arms against the Christians might ill-treat us in retaliation for what
the Christians did to them. But when it pleased God our Lord to take us to those
Indians, they respected us and held us precious, as the former had done, and
even a little more, at which we were not a little astonished, while it clearly
shows how, in order to bring those people to Christianity and obedience unto
Your Imperial Majesty, they should be well treated, and not otherwise.
They took us to a village on the crest of a mountain,
which can be reached only by a very steep trail, where we found a great many
people, who had gathered there out of dread of the Christians. These received us
very well, giving us all they had: over two thousand loads of maize, which we
distributed among the poor, famished people who had led us to the place. The
next day we dispatched (as we were wont to do) four runners, to call together as
many as could be reached, to a village three journeys away; and on the next day
we followed with all the people that were at the place, always meeting with
signs and vestiges where the Christians had slept.
At noon we met our messengers, who told us they had not
found anybody, because all were hidden in the woods, lest the Christians might
kill or enslave them; also that, on the night before, they had seen the
Christians and watched their movements, under cover of some trees, behind which
they concealed themselves, and saw the Christians take many Indians along in
chains. At this the people who were with us became frightened, and some turned
back to give the alarm through the land that Christians were coming, and many
more would have done the same had we not told them to stay and have no fear, at
which they quieted down and were comforted. We had Indians with us at the time
who came from a distance of a hundred leagues, and whom we could not induce to
go back to their homes. So, in order to reassure them, we slept there that night
and the next day went further, and slept on the road; and the day after those we
had sent to explore guided us to where they had seen the Christians. Reaching
the place in the evening, we clearly saw they had told the truth, and also, from
the stakes to which the horses had been tied, that there were horsemen among
them.
From here, which is called the river of Petutan, to the
river which Diego de Guzman reached, there may be, from the place where we first
heard of the Christians, eighty leagues; then to the village where the rain
overtook us, twelve leagues; and from there to the South Sea twelve leagues.
Throughout all that country, wherever it is mountainous, we saw many signs of
gold, antimony, iron, copper and other metals. Where the permanent houses are it
is so hot that even in January the air is very warm. From there to the southward
the land, which is uninhabited as far as the Sea of the North, is very barren
and poor. There we suffered great and almost incredible starvation; and those
who roam through that country and dwell in it are very cruel people, of evil
inclinations and habits. The Indians who live in permanent houses and those in
the rear of them pay not attention to gold nor silver, nor have they any use for
either of these metals.
Having seen positive traces of Christians and become
satisfied they were very near, we gave many thanks to our Lord for redeeming us
from our sad and gloomy condition. Any one can imagine our delight when he
reflects how long we had been in that land, and how many dangers and hardships
we had suffered. That night I entreated one of my companions to go after the
Christians, who were moving through the part of the country pacified and quieted
by us, and who were three days ahead of where we were. They did not like my
suggestion, and excused themselves from going, on the ground of being tired and
worn out, although any of them might have done it far better than I, being
younger and stronger.
Seeing their reluctance, in the morning I took with me
the negro and eleven Indians and, following the trail, went in search of the
Christians. On that day we made ten leagues, passing three places where they had
slept. The next morning I came upon four Christians on horseback, who, seeing me
in such a strange attire, and in company with Indians, were greatly startled.
They stared at me for quite a while, speechless; so great was their surprise
that they could not find words to ask me anything. I spoke first, and told them
to lead me to their captain, and we went together to Diego de Alcaraza, their
commander.
After I had addressed him he said that he was himself
in a plight, as for many days he had been unable to capture Indians, and did not
know where to go, also that starvation was beginning to place them in great
distress. I stated to him that, in the rear of me, at a distance of ten leagues,
were Dorantes and Castillo, with many people who had guided us through the
country. He at once dispatched three horsemen, with fifty of his Indians, and
the negro went with them as guide, while I remained and asked them to give me a
certified statement of the date &emdash; year, month and day &emdash;
when I had met them, also the condition in which I had come, with which request
they complied.
From this river to the village called San Miguel, which
pertains to the government called New Galicia, there are thirty leagues.
Five days later Andres Dorantes and Alonso del Castillo
came with those who had gone in quest of them. They brought along more than six
hundred Indians, from the village, the people of which the Christians had caused
to flee to the woods, and who were in hiding about the country. Those who had
come with us as far as that place had taken them our of their places of
concealment, turning them over to the Christians. They had also dispatched the
others who had come that far.
When they arrived at where I was Alcaraz begged me to
send for the people of the villages along the banks of the river, who were
hiding in the timber,, and he also requested me to order them to fetch supplies.
There was not occasion for the latter as the Indians always took good care to
bring us whatever they could; nevertheless, we sent our messengers at once to
call them, and six hundred persons came with all the maize they had, in pots
closed with clay, which they had buried for concealment. They also brought
nearly everything else they possessed, but we only took of the food, giving the
rest to the Christians for distribution among themselves.
Thereupon we had many and bitter quarrels with the
Christians, for they wanted to make slaves of our Indians, and we grew so angry
at it that at our departure we forgot to take along many bows, pouches and
arrows, also the five emeralds, and so they were left and lost to us. We gave
the Christians a great many cow-skin robes, and other objects, and had much
trouble in persuading the Indians to return home and plant their crops in peace.
They insisted upon accompanying us until, according to their custom, we should
be in the custody of other Indians, because otherwise they were afraid to die;
besides, as long as we were with them, they had no fear of the Christians and of
their lances. At all this the Christians were greatly vexed, and told their own
interpreter to say to the Indians how we were of their own race, but had gone
astray for a long while, and were people of no luck and little heart, whereas
they were the lords of the land, whom they should obey and serve.
The Indians gave all that talk of theirs little
attention. They parleyed among themselves, saying that the Christians lied, for
we had come from sunrise, while the others came from where the sun sets; that we
cured the sick, while the others killed those who were healthy; that we went
naked and shoeless, whereas the others wore clothes and went on horseback and
with lances. Also, that we asked for nothing, but gave away all we were
presented with, meanwhile the others seemed to have no other aim than to steal
what they could, and never gave anything to anybody. In short, they recalled all
our deeds, and praised them highly, contrasting them with the conduct of the
others.
This they told the interpreter of the Christians, and
made understood to the others by means of a language they have among them, and
by which we understood each other. We call those who use that language properly
Primahaitu, which means the same as saying Bizcayans. For more than four hundred
leagues of those we travelled, we found this language in use, and the only one
among them over that extent of country. Finally, we never could convince the
Indians that we belonged to the other Christians, and only with much trouble and
insistency could we prevail upon them to go home.
We recommended to them to rest easy and settle again in
their villages, tilling and planting their fields as usual, which, from lying
waste, were overgrown with shrubbery, while it is beyond all doubt the best land
in these Indies, the most fertile and productive of food, where they raise three
crops every year. It has an abundance of fruit, very handsome rivers, and other
waters of good virtues. There are many evidences and traces of gold and silver;
the inhabitants are well conditioned, and willingly attend to the Christians,
that is, those of the natives that are friendly. They are much better inclined
than the natives of Mexico; in short, it is a country that lacks nothing to make
it very good. When the Indians took leave of us they said they would do as we
had told them, and settle in their villages, provided the Christians would not
interfere, and so I say and affirm that, if they should not do it, it will be
the fault of the Christians.
After we had dispatched the Indians in peace, and with
thanks for what they had gone through with and for us, the Christians (out of
mistrust) sent us to a certain Alcalde Cebreros, who had with him two other men.
He took us through forests and uninhabited country in order to prevent our
communicating with the Indians, in reality, also, to prevent us from seeing or
hearing what the Christians were carrying on.
This clearly shows how the designs of men sometimes
miscarry. We went on with the idea of insuring the liberty of the Indians, and,
when we believed it to be assured, the opposite took place. The Spaniards had
planned to fall upon those Indians we had sent back in fancied security and in
peace, and that plan they carried out.
They took us through the timber for two days, with no
trail, bewildered and without water, so we all expected to die from thirst.
Seven of our men perished, and many friends whom the Christians had taken along
could not reach before noon the following day the place, where we found water
that same night. We travelled with them twenty-five leagues, more or less, and
at last came to a settlement of peaceable Indians. There the Alcalde left us and
went ahead, three leagues further, to a place called Culiacan, where Melchior
Diaz was chief Alcalde and the captain of the province.
As soon as the chief Alcalde became informed of our
arrival, on the same night he came to where we were. He was deeply moved, and
praised God for having delivered us in His great pity. He spoke to us and
treated us very well, tendering us, in his name, and in behalf of the Governor,
Nuño de Guzman, all he had and whatever he might be able to do. He appeared
much grieved at the bad reception and evil treatment we had met at the hands of
Alcaraz and the others, and we verily believe that, had he been there at the
time, the things done to us and the Indians would not have occurred.
Passing the night there, we were about to leave in the
morning of the next day, but the chief Alcalde entreated us to stay. He said
that by remaining we would render a great service to God and Your Majesty, as
the country was depopulated, lying waste, and well nigh destroyed. That the
Indians were hiding in the woods, refusing to come out and settle again in their
villages. He suggested that we should have them sent for, and urge them, in the
name of God and of Your Majesty, to return to the plain and cultivate the soil
again.
This struck us as difficult of execution. We had none
of our Indians with us, nor any of those who usually accompanied us and
understood such matters. At last we ventured to select two Indians from among
those held there as captives, and who were from that part of the country. These
had been with the Christians whom we first met, and had seen the people that
came in our company, and knew, through the latter, of the great power and
authority we exercised all through the land, the miracles we had worked, the
cures we had performed, and many other particulars. With these Indians we sent
others from the village, to jointly call those who had taken refuge in the
mountains, as well as those from the river of Petlatlan, where we had met the
Christians first, and tell them to come, as we wished to talk to them. In order
to insure their coming, we gave the messengers one of the large gourds we had
carried in our hands (which were our chief insignia and tokens of great power.)
Thus provided and instructed, they left and were absent
seven days. They came back, and with them three chiefs of those who had been in
the mountains, and with these were fifteen men. The presented us with beads,
turquoises, and feathers, and the messengers said the people from the river
whence we had started could not be found, as the Christians had again driven
them into the wilderness.
Melchior Diaz told the interpreter to speak to the
Indians in our name and say that he came in the name of God, Who is in heaven,
and that we had travelled the world over for many years, telling all the people
we met to believe in God and serve Him, for He was the Lord of everything upon
earth, Who rewarded the good, whereas to the bad ones He meted out eternal
punishment of fire. That when the good ones died He took them up to heaven,
where all lived forever and there was neither hunger nor thirst, nor any other
wants &emdash; only the greatest imaginable glory. But that those who would
not believe in Him nor obey His commandments he thrust into a huge fire beneath
the earth and into the company of demons, where the fire never went out, but
tormented them forever. Moreover, he said that if they became Christians and
served God in the manner we directed, the Christians would look upon them as
brethren and treat them very well, while we would command that no harm should be
done to them; neither should they be taken out of their country, and the
Christians would become their great friends. If they refused to do so, then the
Christians would ill treat them and carry them away into slavery.
To this they replied through the interpreter that they
would be very good Christians and serve God.
Upon being asked whom they worshipped and to whom they
offered sacrifices, to whom they prayed for health and water for the fields,
they said, to a man in Heaven. We asked what was his name, and they said Aguar,
and that they believed he had created the world and everything in it.
We again asked how they came to know this, and they
said their fathers and grandfathers had told them, and they had known it for a
very long time; that water and all good things came from him. We explained that
this being of whom they spoke was the same we called God, and that thereafter
they should give Him that name and worship and serve Him as we commanded, when
they would fare very well.
They replied that they understood us thoroughly and
would do as we had told.
So we bade them come out of the mountains and be at
ease, peaceable, and settle the land again, rebuilding their houses. Among these
houses they should rear one to God, placing at its entrance a cross like the one
we had, and when Christians came, they should go out to receive them with
crosses in their hands, in place of bows and other weapons, and take the
Christians to their homes, giving them to eat of what they had. If they did so,
the Christians would do them no harm, but be their friends.
The promised to do as we ordered, and the captain gave
them blankets, treating them handsomely, and they went away, taking along the
two captives that had acted as our messengers.
This took place in presence of a scribe (notary) and of
a great many witnesses.
As soon as the Indians had left for their homes and the
people of that province got news of what had taken place with us, they, being
friends of the Christians, came to see us, bringing beads and feathers. We
ordered them to build churches and put crosses in them, which until then they
had not done. We also sent for the children of the chiefs to be baptized, and
then the captain pledged himself before God not to make any raid, or allow any
to be made, or slaves captured from the people and in the country we had set at
peace again. This vow he promised to keep and fulfill so long until His Majesty
and the Governor, Nuño de Guzman, or the Viceroy, in his name, would ordain
something else better adapted to the service of God and of His Majesty.
After baptizing the children we left for the village of
San Miguel, where, on our arrival, Indians came and told how many people were
coming down from the mountains, settling on the plain, building churches and
erecting crosses; in short, complying with what we had sent them word to do. Day
after day we were getting news of how all was being done and completed.
Fifteen days after our arrival Alcaraz came in with the
Christians who had been raiding, and they told the captain how the Indians had
descended from the mountains and settled on the plains; also that villages
formerly deserted were not well populated, and how the Indians had come out to
receive them with crosses in their hands, had taken them to their houses, giving
them of what they had, and how they slept the night there. Amazed at these
changes and at the sayings of the Indians who said they felt secure, he ordered
that no harm be done to them, and with this they departed. May God in his
infinite mercy grant that in the days of Your Majesty and under your power and
sway, these people become willingly and sincerely subjects of the true Lord Who
created and redeemed them. We believe they will be, and that your Majesty is
destined to bring it about, as it will not be at all difficult.
For two thousand leagues did we travel, on land, and by
sea in barges, besides ten months more after our rescue from captivity;
untiringly did we walk across the land, but nowhere did we meet either
sacrifices or idolatry. During all that time we crossed from one ocean to the
other, and from what we very carefully ascertained there may be, from one coast
to the other and across the greatest width, two hundred leagues. We heard that
on the shores of the South there are pearls and great wealth, and that the
richest and best is near there.
At the village of San Miguel we remained until after
the fifteenth of May, because from there to the town of Compostela, where the
Governor, Nuño de Guzman, resided, there are one hundred leagues of deserted
country threatened by hostiles, and we had to take an escort along. There went
with us twenty horsemen, accompanying us as many as forty leagues; afterwards we
had with us six Christians, who escorted five hundred Indian captives. When we
reached Compostela, the Governor received us very well, giving us of what he
had, for us to dress in; but for many days I could bear no clothing, nor could
we sleep, except on the bare floor. Ten or twelve days later we left for Mexico.
On the whole trip we were well treated by the Christians; many came to see us on
the road, praising God for having freed us from so many dangers. We reached
Mexico on Sunday, the day before the vespers of Saint James, and were very well
received by the Viceroy and the Marquis of the Valley, who presented us with
clothing, offering all they had. On the day of Saint James there was a festival,
with bull-fight and tournament.
After taking two months' rest at Mexico I desired to
come over to this realm, but when ready to sail in October, a storm wrecked the
vessel and it was lost. So I determined to wait until winter would be over, as
in these parts navigation is then very dangerous on account of storms.
When winter was past, Andres Dorantes and I left
Mexico, during Lent, for Vera Cruz, to take a ship there, but had again to wait
for favorable winds until Palm Sunday. We embarked and were on board more than
fifteen days, unable to leave on account of a calm, and the vessel began to fill
with water. I took passage on one of the ships which were in condition to leave,
while Dorantes remained on the first one, and on the tenth day of the month
three craft left port.
We navigated together for one hundred and fifty
leagues; afterwards two of the ships dropped behind, and in the course of a
night we lost track of them. It seems that, as we found out later, their pilots
and skippers did not venture any further, and returned to port without giving us
any warning; neither did we hear any more from them. So we kept on, and on the
fourth of May reached the port of Habana, on the second of June, still hoping
for the other two vessels to arrive. Then we left.
We were afraid of falling in with French craft that
only a few days before had captured three of ours.
At the altitude of the Island of Bermuda a storm
overtook us, as is quite usual in those parts, according to the people who are
wont to travel in them, and for a whole night we considered ourselves lost. But
it pleased God that, when morning came, the storm abated and we could proceed on
our way. Twenty-nine days after sailing from Habana we had made eleven hundred
leagues, said to be the distance from it to the settlement of the Azores, and
the next day we passed the island called of the raven, and met with a French
vessel at noon. She began to follow us, having with her a caravel taken from the
Portuguese, and gave us chase. That same evening we saw nine more sail, but at
such a distance that we could not distinguish whether they were of the same
nation as our pursuer, or Portuguese. At nightfall the Frenchman was but a
cannon-shot from our ship, and as soon as it was dark we changed our course so
as to get away from him. As he was close upon us he saw our maneuver and did the
same, and this happened three or four times.
The Frenchman could have taken us then, but he
preferred to wait until daylight. It pleased God that, when morning came, we
found ourselves, as well as the French ship, surrounded by the nine craft we had
seen the evening before, and which turned out to belong to the Portuguese navy.
I thank Our Lord for having allowed me to escape from peril on land and sea.
When the French saw it was the fleet of Portugal they
released the caravel, which was filled with negroes. They had taken it along in
order to make us believe they were Portuguese and to induce us to expect them.
On separating from the caravel the Frenchman told the skipper and pilot we were
French also, belonging to their own navy; then they put into their vessel sixty
oarsmen, and thus, by oar and sail, went away with incredible swiftness.
The caravel then approached the galley warning its
captain that both our vessel and the other were French, so that when we came up
to the galley and the squadron saw it, believing us to be French, they cleared
for action and came to attack us. But when we were near enough to them we
saluted, and they saw we were friends. They had been deceived, suffering the
privateer to escape by means of his strategy in telling that we were also
French. Four caravels went in pursuit of him. Having come up with the galley and
presented our respects, the captain, Diego de Silveira, asked where we came from
and what we had on board. We told him from New Spain, and that we carried silver
and gold. He inquired how much it might be, and the skipper informed him that we
had about three hundred thousand Castellanos. Thereupon the captain exclaimed:
"Faith, you come back very rich, although you have a bad craft and
miserable artillery. That dog of a French renegade has lost a fat morsel, the
bastard! Now, go ahead, since you escaped; follow me closely, and, God helping,
I shall lead you back to Spain."
The caravels that had gone in pursuit of the French
soon returned because the latter sailed too fast for them and they did not want
to leave their squadron, which was escorting three ships loaded with spices.
We reached the Island of Tercera, where we rested
fifteen days and took in supplies, also waiting for another ship from India,
with the same kind of cargo as the three our fleet was escorting. At the end of
the fifteen days we sailed, all together, for the port of Lisbon, where we
arrived on the ninth of August, vespers of Saint Laurentius day, of the year
1537.
And, in testimony of, that what I have stated in the
foregoing narrative is true, I hereunto sign my name:
Cabeza de Vaca